Australian Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Australian Business Law - Essay Example Hence, the provisions of the TPA likewise applies to the given problem. Section 53 specifically prohibits the use of false representations about the standard, quality, grade, composition, style, model or history or particular previous use of goods: ACCC v Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd (2004) FCA 516. Moreover, Section 58 specifically prohibits the use of false representations about the standard, quality, value or grade of services. Furthermore, the TPA and FTA likewise prohibits the use of false representations about the the sponsorship, approval, performance characteristics, accessories, uses or benefits of goods and services (Pinetrees Lodge Pty Ltd v Atlas International Travel Pty Ltd(1981) ATPR 40-248); the sponsorship, approval or affiliation of the corporation; and the price of goods or services: ACCC v Allens Music Group Pty Ltd (2002) FCA 1552; TPC v Cue Design Pty Ltd (1996) ATPR 41-475); the existence, exclusion or effect of any condition, warranty, guarantee, right or remedy; the place of origin of goods: ACCC V GIA Pty Ltd (2002) FCA 1298; TPC v QDSV Holdings Pty Ltd (1995) ATPR 41-371. Moreover, it violated Sections 54 of TPA and 62 of the FTA for falsely offering gifts or prizes because a corporation should not offer gifts, prizes or other free items to people buying its goods and services if it does not intend to provide them. It is also violated Sections 55A of the TPA and 64 of FTA for engaging in misleading conduct regarding the services it offers by misleading the public as to the nature, the characteristics, the suitability for their purpose or the quantity of any service: Doherty v Traveland Pty Ltd (1982) 4 ATPR 40-323. It also violated Section 56 of TPA and Section 65 of FTA as a corporation under the said Sections are prohibited from engaging in trade or commerce or advertise goods or services at a specified price where it has reasonable grounds to expect that it will not be able to comply with the advertisement. Finally and in addition to that, the corporation violated the prohibition on accepting payment without intention to supply under Sections 58 of TPA and Sections 67 of FTA specifically prohibiting a corporation from accepting payment or other consideration for the goods if at the time of acceptance it intends not to supply the goods or services or to supply goods and services materially different from the goods and services in respect of which the payment is made. It is clear from the facts that the corporation contravened Section 58 reasonable grounds exists to show that it is aware that it would not be able to supply the goods when accepting payment: Dawson v World Travel Headquarters Pty Ltd (1981) ATPR 40-240. These foregoing provisions of the TPA and the FTA as illustrated in the above- mentioned case were clearly violated because first, contrary to what was stated in its brochure, the Happiest Kangaroo was not really located in bushland but was in the centre of Kingscote, the main town on Kangaroo Island. Second, Ariel had a ground floor room which opened on to the main street and was very noisy. Third, there were no live Australian animals in the grounds of the hotel. Fourth, when Ariel complained, the staff directed her to the many cement statues of kangaroos and wallabies in the back garden of the hotel and soft toy kangaroos and koalas used in the decoration of her room.

Thirteen Colonies and New England Essay Example for Free

Thirteen Colonies and New England Essay The Literature of Early America p. 1-5 1. The first Europeans to establish settlements on this continent did not call it America until the 18th century. What did these early settlers call it? The New World 2. The colonies that became the United States were for the most part inhabited by individuals from which European country? England 3. How much is known of the perspectives of the native inhabitants of this continent before the European arrival? Why? With the help of archaeologist, ethnographical, and oral materials much has been learned 4. What was the so-called Columbian Exchange, and what were the results? The passing of biological matter between Native Americans and Europeans. The result is illness and death reduced to less than 10% of the original number 5. Although Leif Ericson first saw North America as early as 1000, and Columbus, of course, arrived in 1492, when did French and English colonization really begin to take hold? Early 1600s 6. After the Native American oral tradition, which writing could probably be considered the first American literature? American Literature 7. What three things set the stage for the seventeenth-century expansion of English colonization that would ultimately lead to the first United States? 1)The Reformation 2)English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 3)emerging capitalist economies 8. Unlike the Spanish explorers who were financially supported by royalty, how were the English settlers supported? How did this affect the future of the colonies? English settlers were supported by banks joint-stock companies. It moved it away from the old hierarchies of church crown 9. What were the three general cultural/economic groups established in these early British colonies? Southern Colonies, Middle Colonies, New England 10. Which area was initially the most difficult to settle and why? Southern Colony-malaria and starvation were rampant in the early 17th century 11. Which crop ultimately proved quite profitable to the southern colony in Virginia? tobacco 12. After the native populations had been decimated by disease and the brutality of enslavement, how did the English settlers respond to the demand for labor? Indentured servants 13. Which of the British settlements was the most ethnically and religiously diverse? Middle Colonies 14. Who were the first group of Europeans in America to denounce slavery? The Quakers 15. Which group established the first permanent colony in New England? What was it called, and when was it established? Pilgrim settlement of Plymouth 1620 16. Which much larger Puritan settlement was established in New England ten years later? Puritan â€Å"Great Migration† 1630 17. What was the name of the first permanent English settlement in North America? Where was it located and when was it established? Est Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 Captain John Smith 18. What is the name of the English sea captain who wrote what is described as the first distinctly American writing in English? Captain John Smith 19. In what way did Smiths descriptions help lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans to this new land? He described as Paradise. His vision of a new abundant world, along with his mapping 20. Smith also created maps of which area? New England Coast 21. Why did literature develop more slowly in the South? Towns were few, farms were separated, urban audience for books and newspaper were scant 22. Which two movements greatly influenced the Pilgrims of Plymouth and the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay? Renaissance and Reformation 23. Why is the Renaissance generally regarded as the beginning of modern civilization? It was the advancement of government, philosophy, and science 24. In what sense did firearms and books break down the social and political hierarchy? Books taught people to think for themselves, guns gave them the power to destroy body armor 25. In what sense does the work of Copernicus reflect the Renaissances break with tradition and authority? It questioned the pagan believes 26. A new spirit of scientific inquiry was inspired by the invention of which two scientific instruments? Gun power and printing press 27. During the Reformation, what aspects of the Church did the religious reformers criticize? The authority of its spiritual leader, the pope and priest 28. How did Protestants earn that name? because of the protest against church doctrines, and the power of priest, and commands of bishops popes ________________________________________ John Smiths Biography p. 41-42 1. Why do you suppose the first permanent English colony was called Jamestown? Because King James I granted a royal charter to plant colonies in England’s North America Territories 2. Why was the settlement at Jamestown, initially, disastrous? Jamestown was swampy, lacked steadfast leaders, didn’t build houses, plant crops, find gold. More than half died the 1st winter 3. What role did Smith assume? A leader, President 4. In Smiths A Description of New England, published in 1616, he mapped the coast of New England. However, his trip to New England in 1614 wasnt for that purpose. Why did he go? To search for jar gold called Jars 5. Which group of settlers purchased Smiths maps of New England? Pilgrims 6. What was the first English book written in America? A True Relation of Occurrences and Accidents in Virginia 7. In Smiths most influential book The General History of Virginia (1624), how did he describe the New World? Riches and wilderness delights, place of freedom, joy, and abundance 8. Who named the area New England? Smith 9. Why do some question Smiths romantic account of his rescue by the Indian princess Pocahontas? Because it was written seven years after Pocahontas’ death. He could have been adopted and not known 10. The Smith/Pocahontas tale is one of the earliest examples of what particular narrative form in early American literature? fable ________________________________________ John Smith from A Description of New England (1616) p. 55-63 1. Although this work was published in 1616, it was based on Smiths return trip to New England in what year? 1614 2. Why was his trip a financial failure? Looking for gold and copper and it wasn’t fish season 3. Why did Smith find it difficult to trade fish and furs in the area? Because Sir Francis Popham traded a lot and he got most of it 4. What characteristics does Smith say one must have to conquer this land and make it thrive? Ability to work 5. What do you think the following quote suggests to those reading his account back in England? only here and there we touched or have seen a little [of] the edges of those large dominions which do stretch themselves into the main[land], God knows how many thousand miles there is a lot more land to discover, don’t limit yourself 6. He describes the coast as being overgrown with [what] and an incredible abundance of [what]? Good timber, most sorts of fish, fowl, and good fruits 7. As he discusses the abundance of fish, what European comparison does he make to elevate this lowly staple to something that can, in fact, build countries? Which group (who settled here later in 1620) might this have appealed to? Hollanders 8. What does Smith use to lure people from England to the New World (see middle paragraph on page 58)? Men can be master of their own fate/no landlords 9. Smith mentions the fertile ground, but he also says that, if need be, one can trade with the natives for goods like corn. What does he say (and what tone does he use) about those savages who may be uncooperative? With 30 or 40 men sufficient to bring in line/disdain 10. Notice the way Smith begins each of the paragraphs on page 60: Of mines of gold Of woods The waters The herbs and fruits Oak Eagles Whales Moose What is he doing to try to lure the English to this new land? Painting a picture of abudance 11. What kind of individuals do you think Smith is targeting when he says, Who can desire more content, that has small means or but only his merit to advance his fortune, than to tread and plant that ground he has purchased by the hazard of his life? The Common Man 12. What do you think of Smiths reference to the holy quest some might take by making the journey to the New World? : If he have any grain of faith or zeal in religion, what can he do less hurtful to any or more agreeable to God than to seek to convert those poor savages to know Christ and humanity? Crusaders 13. What emotions do you think Smith is tapping into when he says the following? : What so truly suits with honor and honesty as the discovering things unknown, erecting towns, peopling countries, informing the ignorant, reforming things unjust, teaching virtue, and gain to our native mother-country a kingdom to attend her, find employment for those that are idle because they know not what to do? 14. On page 62, what does Smith say might be his role in helping these newcomers adjust to this new land? Do you see this as self-serving or sacrificial on Smiths part? If he lied they can fault him/ self-serving 15. Smith has spoken of the rewards that will come from hard work. What does he say about the pleasures to be enjoyed in this new land? Hunting or hawking is great

bloodmac Importance of Blood in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Macbet

Importance of Blood in Macbeth  Ã‚        Ã‚   In Shakespeare's tragic play Macbeth, the symbol of blood is an important device.   The fundamental physical notion of blood is a stark sign of illness or mishap that all humans must share.   Within Macbeth the imagery of blood is used over and over again and it is developed by Shakespeare until it becomes not only a dominating theme but wholly integrated within the plot.    Perhaps the best way to show how the symbol of blood changes throughout the play is to follow the character changes in Macbeth. First he is a brave honored soldier, but as the play progresses acknowledged and trusted by his king, he becomes a treacherous person who has become identified with death and bloodshed, and ends up killing Duncan who put so much trust in him. This is ironic because the previous Thane of Cawdor was executed for treason, which is the first thought that comes into his mind when he is appointed Thane. He knows that the King's trust was misplaced; the fact that he murdered his king plays upon his conscience and shows his guilt in different forms. The situation worsens for him after he murders Banquo, who was one of his most loyal and trusted friends.    A similar idea can also be applied to lady Macbeth, as her character changes dramatically throughout the course of the play. Hers and Macbeth's roles can be seen to swap in a way. When the idea of killing Duncan comes into the minds of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is uncertain, he seems withdrawn about the whole idea. Lady Macbeth comes across as evil and bloodthirsty, for it is she who ensures that the murder takes place. Towards the end of the play though, although both characters show the immense guilt of what they have done... ... treachery, to guilt then returns to honor once again.   This movement in symbolism is maneuvered by the villain whose actions that allow the change.   The reformation to honor is sanction after the villain is killed.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada Ltd., 1991. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare's Tragic Heroes, Slaves of Passion. Gloucester: Peter Smith Publisher Inc., 1973.  Ã‚   Edwards, Terence. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Macbeth. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977. Hunter, G.K. "Macbeth in the Twentieth Century." Aspects of Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir Shakespeare, William.   Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott, Mark W. (Editor).   Shakespeare for Students.   Gale Research Inc. Detroit, Michigan. 1992   

Cognitive Psychology False Memory Essay

Theoretical and Applied/Practical Perspective of False Memory The human memory is subject to a multitude of errors, including source misattributions, distortion and creation of false memories. In order to do justice to this paper one must first determine what is â€Å"False memory†? False memory is memory for an event that did not occur or distorted memory of actual events (Gleaves, Smith, Butler, & Spiegel, 2004). This type of memory has been an area of intense research interest for both theoretical and practical reasons and psychologists have long been interested in memory illusions and distortions, as such errors can inform theories of how the memory works (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). From a theoretical perspective, false memories have been the subject of intense debates about the nature of human memory and a focal point for old and new memory theories. Memories are not simply stored and retrieved, information is encoded and memories are reconstructed using previous knowledge to p iece together the situation as one thinks it occurred (Loftus & Ketchan, 1994). Therefore perception and comprehension of ongoing events always brings related information to mind. For example, an individual mentions that he/she had a great trip to the beach over the weekend. In comprehending what the individual is saying; one may imagine their last visit to Miami Beach. Later one remembers that the said individual mentioned his/her visit to Miami Beach when, in fact, the individual said nothing about which beach he/she visited. This example illustrates how frequently one might remember information related to ones ongoing perception and comprehension, even though the events represented by that information never occurred (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). One of the most common ways that false memories have been studied is through the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect. This list learning paradigm provided a traceable means by which false memories can be created and studied in the laboratory. Gallo, McDermott, Percer & Roediger III (2001) explained that the DRM paradigm was a method of using converging semantic associates to induce false memories. It basically referred to the high confidence false recall or recognition of the critical lure. Within the study subjects were given a list of words for immediate free recall. These words were all associated semantically with a critical lure which itself was not presented. For example, if the critical lure was sleep the list would have consisted of fifteen words most highly associated with sleep such as bed to the least highly associated which would be drowsy on free association norms. Even though the critical lure was not on the list, subjects often falsely reported it and on recognition tests, these individuals often â€Å"remember† these words with a high degree of confidence (Surgrue & Hayne, 2006). False memories arising from phonologically associated lists may indeed be enhanced by phonological encoding in comparison with semantic encoding. False memories therefore can be elicited by presenting lists of phonologically related words in both recognition and recall tasks (Chan, McDermott, Watson & Gallo, 2005). According to the fuzzy traced theory (as cited in Howe, 2008), subjects encode both verbatim information about the experience to gist information about the experience. Applied to the DRM paradigm gist information represents the semantic commonalities among lure’s studied associates, which lead the fuzzy trace theory to propose that lure errors are familiarity based (Arndt, 2010). Memory errors to unstudied items arise from how well they match gist traces and that memory errors are limited by the extent to which unstudied items produce retrieval of verbatim traces. Therefore lure errors increase when they match the gists representation of their studied associates but decrease when retrieval is inspired of the verbatim traces of their studied associates (Howe, 2008). Once the gist representation is reasonably strong it can produce an illusory subjective experience of its actual presentation, this is known as phantom recollection (Gallo, McDermott, Percer & Roediger III, 2001). When this phenomenon occurs an individual may confuse the gist trace strength with the psychological experience of recollecting, which is normally mediated by retrieving verbatim traces of studied items. As lure items tend to match very strong gist traces in memory individuals believe they can recollect DRM lures. According to Arndt, (2010), â€Å"this theory proposes that although these errors are often phenomenologically similar to items that were episodically experienced, lures’ recollection phenomenology is representationally distinct from that of study items† (p.67). There is evidence however that false memory can be based largely on automatic processing and is amenable to only limited conscious control. For example, Dodd and MacLeod (2004), showed that mere exposure to DRM lists was sufficient to create a false memory: They presented DRM lists as coloured words in a Stroop test. Naming colours reduced accurate memory for list words as compared to reading coloured words, but false memory remained high for critical words. Furthermore, the elimination of false memory is difficult in that certain â€Å"encoding manipulations may lead to reductions in false memories through metamemorial processes occurring at retrieval† (Gallo, McDermott, Percer & Roediger III, 2001, p.339). For example slowing presentation rate decreases the probability of false remembering, but may not eliminate it (Gallo, McDermott, Percer & Roediger III, 2001). False memories are remarkably persistent. For example, Toglia, Neuschatz and Goodwin (1999) found that false recall rates remained high over a three-week period, whereas recall of studied words revealed the typical decrement. In short, the DRM paradigm allows for the easy and reliable elicitation of false memories in the laboratory. From a practical perspective, false memories are a threat to the validity of eyewitness testimony, a misleading source of autobiographical information in psychotherapy, and a biased representation of lessons taught in educational settings. For this assignment the validity of eyewitness testimony only, will be discussed (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). According to Greene (as cited in Loftus, 1995, p.720), â€Å"memories do not exist in a vacuum. Rather, they continually disrupt each other through a mechanism that we call â€Å"interference†. For instance, memories can be disrupted by things that an individual experienced earlier, this is known as proactive interference or situations that one may experience later, which is known as retroactive interference. Based on the interference theory from a retroactive interference perspective, when new information is received that is mislea ding in some ways individuals make errors when they report what they saw. The reason for this is that new information often becomes incorporated into the recollection, supplementing or altering it in a significant way (Porter, Bellhouse, McDougall, Brinke & Wilson, 2010). Elizabeth Loftus (as cited in Hunt & Ellis, 2004), pioneered laboratory research modeled on eyewitness situation demonstrating the intervening events that occur between witnessing an event and subsequent testimony in court. The paradigm for this research was simple, participants witnesses a simulated violent crime of an automobile accident half of the participants received new misleading information about the event and the other half did not received any misinformation. The participants in this experiment were influenced by presuppositions invoked by the verbs smashed and hit based on the question asked, which was â€Å"About how fast the car was going when they hit, smashed each other †. Smashed presupposes a more violent collision a fact that influences both estimates of speed an d amount of damage. Therefore individuals who stated that there was broken glass saw the word â€Å"smashed†, but no broken glass was actually depicted in the film. The presupposition dramatically, but subtly influenced memory for the actual event (Loftus, 1995). What was being remembered was the integrated memory of the two events, memory for the original film, plus memory for the additional information that was inherent in the question asked later. As the two memories blended over time the end result would be a single blended memory that is a distortion of the original event (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). Higham (1998), showed that the latency between exposure to misinformation and time recall also influenced the misinformation effect, such that recent exposure to recent information was associated with greater recall of false details. Therefore both the response bias and memory change accounts have important implications for how one might regard the reliability of eyewitness testimony. According to Loftus & Pickrell (1995), false memories can be implanted as was demonstrated in the â€Å"Lost-in-a-shopping-mall† study. It suggested that memory of an entire mildly traumatic event can be created and that further questions may be asked, such as, is it possible to implant a memory of abuse. For example one of the most dramatic cases of false memory of abuse ever to be documented was the case of Paul Ingram from Olympia, Washington (Ofshe, 1992; Watters, 1991). This individual was arrested for child abuse in 1988 at the time he was chair of the county Republican committee. From the outset he denied everything, but after five months of interrogation, suggestions from a psychologist and continuing pressure from detectives and advisors, Ingram began to confess to rapes, assaults, child sexual abuse, and participation in a Satan-worshiping cult alleged to have murdered 25 babies (Loftus, 1993). Ofshe (1989) noted that this was not the first time that a vulnerable individual had been made to believe that he had committed a crime for which he originally had no memory and which evidence proved he could not have committed. What is crucial about the Ingram case is that some of the same methods that are used in repressed memory cases were used with Ingram. This case also provides further insights into the malleable nature of memory. They suggest that memories for personally traumatic events can be altered by new experiences. Moreover, they reveal that entire events that never happened can be injected into memory. Therefore false memories range from the relatively trivial (e.g., remembering voting) to the bizarre (e.g., remembering forcing one’s daughter and son to have sex) (Loftus, 1993). These false memories, with more or less detail, of course, do not prove that repressed memories of abuse that return are false. They do demonstrate a mechanism by which false memories can be created, by a small suggestion from a trusted family member, by hearing someone lie, by suggestion from a psychologist, or by incorporation of the experiences of others into one’s own autobiography planted (Loftus, 1993). Although false memories of ones childhood can be implanted, it does not imply that all memories that arise after suggestion are necessarily false, although the experimental work on false memory creation raises doubt about the validity of long buried memories such as repeated trauma, but it in no way disproves them. Even with the most experienced evaluator, it is difficult to differentiate true memories from ones that are suggestively planted (Loftus, 1997). True memories represent events as they really occurred, whereas false memories shade, distort or entirely misrepresent events as they really happened. Research on memory distortion indicates that memory is not at all like a mechanical recording device. The original experience is not stored as some veridical trace of what was out there but, rather, is the result of interpretive processes of perception and comprehension. The intriguing picture of memory that emerges is one of a powerful, adaptively important and usually reliable psychological process that sometimes is completely wrong (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). References Arndt, J. (2010). The role of memory activation in creating false memories of encoding context. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36(1), 66-79. Chan, C. K. J., McDermott, B. K., Watson, M. J., & Gallo, A. D. ( 2005). The importance of material-processing interactions in inducing false memories. Journal of Memory & Cognition, 33 (3) 389-395. Dodd, M. D., & MacLeod, C. M. (2004). False recognition without intentional learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 137-142. Gallo, A. D., McDermott, B. K., Percer, M. J., & Roediger, L. H. III. (2001). Modality Effects in False Recall and False Recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 27 (2) 339-353 Gleaves, D. H., Smith, S. M., Butler, L. D., & Spiegel, D. (2004). False and recovered memories in the laboratory and clinic: A review of experimental and clinic evidence. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11 3-28. Higham, P. A. (1998). Believing details known to have been suggested. British Journal of Psychology, 89, 920-930. Howe, L. M. (2008). What is false memory development and the development of comment on Brainerd, Reyna and Ceci (2008), Psychological Bullentin, 134 (5), 768-772. Hunt, R. R., & Ellis, C. H. (2004). Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology (7th Ed). McGraw Hill. Loftus, E., & Ketcham, K. (1994). False memories and allegations of sexual abuse: The myth of repressed memory. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Loftus, E.F. (1997). Creating false memories. Scientific American, 277, 70-75. Loftus, E.F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537. Loftus, E.F., & Pickrell, E. J. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals , 25, 720-725. Ofshe, R. J. (1992). Inadvertent hypnosis during interrogation: False confession due to dissociative state, misidentified multiple personality and the satanic cult hypothesis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 40, 125-156. Ofshe, R. J. (1989). Coerced confessions: The logic of seemingly irrational action. Cultic Studies Journal, 6, 1-15 Porter, S., Bellhouse, S., McDougall, A., Brinke, T. L., & Wilson, K. (2010). A prospective investigation of the vulnerability of memory for positive and negative emotional scenes to the misinformation effect. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 42 (1) 55-61. Surgrue, K., & Hayne, H. (2006). False Memories produced by children and Adults in the DRM Paradigm. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 625-631. Toglia, M. P., Neuschatz, J. S., & Goodwin, K. (1999). Recall accuracy and illusory memories: When more is less. Memory, 7, 233-256. Watters, E. (1991). The devil in Mr. Ingram. Mother Jones, 65-68.

How Fidel Castro is a Revolutionary Essay

â€Å"Some men are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them†. Those were the words of William Shakespeare in â€Å"Twelfth Night†. Some men are born and die without been sung. Their impact is not felt and they die to be forgotten by men. On the other hand, some leave their prints on the sand of time, their names and memories warm in the hearts of men. Such men are rare and are called legend, their names remembered by generations to come. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is such a man. There comes a time in any nation when history is made. When the government of any given state fails in its responsibility, then there is need for a change. At such times, the people naturally desire a change because their trust and hopes have been drained. The people clamor for a new government, a fresh vision and seek a new hope. The question that raises concern in the minds of the people of such state is who will bear the touch? Who will lead the struggle against oppression? Who is the fearless man that will fight for what he wholly believes in? In South Africa, it was Mandela, in India it was Gandhi, in America, it was Martin Luther and in Cuba it was Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. One thing is peculiar of these people – They were all great revolutionary leaders in their countries. Who then is a revolutionary? A revolutionary is a person who promotes or actively engages in a form of revolution. Revolutionaries are often of the idea that a change is needed and that such changes might not come without forcing it out. The use of violence is acceptable once the desired result is achieved. A revolutionary believes and seeks to uphold certain ideals or ideology. If history is to be written, the archives of Cuba will not fail to recognize Fidel Castro. For one thing, he is arguably the most prolific leader that the country has produced. He is not just a leader but he was the one that spearheaded the revolution in the nation of Cuba. His impact on the nation of Cuba can not be overemphasized. Today, one can hardly talk about the nation of Cuba without mentioning the name Fidel Castro. The question is how did this man, born like you and I were, create a niche for himself. How did he become a revolutionary leader? What exploits did he perform that made his name indelible in the annals of history? Lawyer, Cuban Revolutionary, political leader, and the former President of Cuba, Fidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 on Cuba’s North coast to Don Angel and Linda Castro. His parents were immigrants from Spain who had come to fight the United States during the Spanish- American war of 1898. He was trained under the Jesuit priests who instilled discipline, dedication and assertiveness into him. His interests were in issues that had to do with politics and government. He immersed himself in the polemical climate of Cuban politics, nationalism, anti-imperialism, and socialism. As a student of Havana University, he was elected the president of The Law Student’s Association. He had his degree in law at the University of Havana in 1950. In 1951 he became a leader in the emergent populist political movement led by the Partido del Pueblo Cubano. The group was known in Cuba as Ortodoxos, an anti-Communist nationalist group promising major social, economic and political reforms, and expecting to gain the presidency through electoral politics. He had planned to contest for a position in the congress but his plan was foiled when Fulgencio Batista usurped the constitutional government. When this happened, Castro and some of his folks who had the mind of contesting in the elections before the government was taken started planning a means of overthrowing the government. Later in 1952, Fidel Castro plotted his own quixotic revolt, this he did by leading 130 followers to attack the Moncada army barracks in Santiago on July 26, and 1953. The attack was a poorly planned fiasco in which the rebels tried to bluff their way in. They intended to overpower the 1,000-man garrison, seize some weapons, and then hand them out to crowds of supporters who never rallied to their cause. In 1955, he was granted political amnesty and he later left Cuba for Mexico where he began to train an expeditionary force. He later formed a guerilla force that aimed at a revolution that was filled with promises of land reforms, jobs and equity for all. This made the militants grow by the day. The people of Cuba began to see a new hope and a new dawn. They will give anything they can to stop the dictatorial rule of Fulgencio Batista. In 1956, Castro launched the revolution with the help of the 82 man strong guerrilla. Unfortunately, they were ambushed by the Cuban Army and were almost killed by the invasion. At the end of the day, only Castro and eleven of his men managed to escape from the hands of the Cuban Army. At this point, it was apparent that there was no man power to win this revolution. Therefore, Castro began a massive campaign where he sought to win the peasants to his side. After two years of confrontation, the revolution turned out to be a victory as he has already won most of the peasants to his side. This victory is so significant because Fidel Castro’s Guerrilla will be the first to will a military in Latin America. This proved him to be a great political strategist. On the 1st of January 1959, the Cuban revolution began with him being at the center of it. Many people joined this revolution for different reasons. It was believed that Fidel Castro will return the country to a constitutional rule, and the reaffirmation of civil and political rights. For others, who envisioned a major re-structuring of the society, the issue was social justice. These people placed their future into the arms of Fidel Castro and so it was easy for him to establish himself as the sole leader of the intended government. However, once he got to power, Castro steered his country towards communism and collective ownership of properties. He believed and practiced communism in its possible way. This made the landowners and the American nation furious. Apparently, Batista had previously developed relations with America. This came to an abrupt end at the advent of Castro’s communism. All privately owned businesses, both the ones owned by Cubans and/or the one owned by internationals were taken over by the government. Prior to this time, the America was almost in total control of the industries in Cuba. They made money from the Cubans without fuss. The standard of living of the average Cuban citizen was greatly altered. The major idea of communism is that the working class should be in charge of the government. At this point, privately owned property was regarded as illegal. Castro was of the idea that the money of the country should be distributed equally to all citizens, according to their needs. Also, the government controls the lifestyle of its citizens. Education is also an integral part of the new Cuba’s Communist government. As Castro had hoped for, these changes did have impressive short-term effects for Cuba. Serious illness and economic hardship were almost nonexistent and Cuba had the greatest number of teachers and doctors in that area of the Caribbean. It was a new dawn for Cuba as people seemed to be looking toward a better and more relying future with Castro in charge. However, these benefits did not come without a price. For instance, in order to protect the new forms of communism, Castro eliminated elections and freedom of the press, imprisoned political opponents, and made religion a thing to be ashamed of. Castro then began to act like his counterparts who were leaders of communist countries, doing things such as putting industry under government management, claiming the property of people not born in Cuba, creating communities for agriculture, and establishing laws to help laborers and peasants . Cuba’s new form of government not only affected its people, but also affected its own relationships with other governments around the world. International reactions varied from country to country about the communism in Cuba. Many of Cuba’s newly enforced laws and government created barriers with neighboring Latin American nations and in 1962 Cuba was dismissed from the Organization of American States. Because of the United States’ opposition of Communist governments, they were quickly on bad terms with Castro and Cuba. The United States government was led even further in their decision to end any relation they have with Cuba after the Cuban government seized all land owned by Americans Not all nations were in opposition to Cuba’s change of government. As a matter of fact, Cuba enjoyed a cordial relationship with The Soviet Union. The Soviet government, which was also Communist, assisted Cuba by offering financial aid, trade and the overdue payment of Cuba’s debts. Apart from these, Cuba was also accepted into the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) in an agreement signed in 1972 with the Soviet Union. Through his long rule as the Leader of Cuba, there have been several attempts made by the US to assassinate him. All these efforts have proved abortive as he has tactfully eluded them. In 1961-63 alone, the CIA recorded hundreds of violent sabotage operations, including several assassination attempts that relied on everything from exploding cigars to bacteria-infected handkerchiefs and aerosol sprays laced with LSD. According to Mr. Castro’s security services, the CIA and Cuban exiles in Miami hatched no fewer than 638 plots to kill him. All these plots have proved abortive. Fidel Castro is a legend. He has lived a life of impact and we are learning about him today. Whatever the view might be, one thing is certain; Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a revolutionary – one that will not be forgotten generations to come. Reference: †¢ Buckman, Robert T. World Today Series- Latin America 2000. Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publishers, 2000. †¢ â€Å"Fidel Castro Cuban Leader. † Newsmaker Profiles. Internet. 28 November 2000 †¢ Kolb, Richard K. â€Å"Cold War Along the cactus Curtain. † VFW Magazine Jan 1999. SIRS. 18 October 2000 †¢ â€Å"History of Cuba. † Internet. 14 November 2001 †¢ Horne, Jed. â€Å"Fidel’s Cuba: Revolution Running on Empty. † Times-Picayune Publishing Corporation 14 March 1993. SIRS Knowledge Source. 30 October 2001. †¢ Jervis, Rick. â€Å"Cuba. † Scholastic Update 23 February 1998. EBSCOHost. 14 November 2001. †¢ Fidel Castro. Anti Essays. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www. antiessays. com/free-essays/699. html †¢ Fidel Castro. BigNerds. com. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www. bignerds. com/show. php? eid=699 †¢ Situation and Prospects in Cuba. (1963, June 14). (Item No. CC03127). Retrieved May 8, 2002, from Digital National Security Archives database. †¢ Chapo, Richard. (2006, October 28). Ten Interesting Tidbits About Cuba. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? Ten-Interesting-Tidbits-About-Cuba&id=341249 †¢ Intelligence. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-233697 †¢ Rodriguez III, Alejandro. (2008, February 19). Fidel Castro – Cuba’s Leader Steps Down Changes Nothing. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? Fidel-Castro—Cubas-Leader-Steps-Down-Changes-Nothing&id=996440 †¢ Castro, Raul. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9439238 †¢ http://www. marxists. org/history/cuba/archive/castro/ †¢ http://www. heritage. org/Research/LatinAmerica/wm1188. cfm †¢ http://www. cnn. com/2008/WORLD/americas/02/24/cuba. nextpresident/

Using the Internet for Research, info about EIP Security essays

Using the Internet for Research, info about EIP Security essays As the economy becomes increasingly technology oriented, and an increasing number of customers begin to use the Internet for reasons other than searching, security becomes an extremely important issue. Customers demand satisfaction and security while transferring sensitive data, such as credit card numbers, and companies wish to provide this security blanket to them. The same problems can exist in the use of enterprise information portals and search engines. These company portals depend on the portals ability to keep sensitive data within its walls, while keeping unwanted users out. The ability of hackers and unwanted visitors to crack EIPs security has led to the affordability of security to plummet. The more sensitive information and data being transferred, the more security is needed. This leads to an increase in the money needed to provide this airtight security. Because of this, the MIS portal team has decided to concentrate on the security issues that currently exist in Enterprise Information Portals. I. While the team has seemed to excel in most areas of supportive communication and creative problem solving, problems have risen and do exist. Conceptual blocks, mental obstacles that restrict the way a problem is defined and limit the number of alternative solutions that might otherwise be considered, do exist within certain aspects of the group. The two main categories included information collection and attempts to solve the problem. Security issues within the information technology arena are constantly changing and evolving as old issues are being solved by companies and new ones are developing. Because it is an ever-changing industry, the best information on the topic can be found online. However, a major problem is collecting biased information. While the internet is a great research tool, many websites are written by industry professionals that work either for ...

Political Cartoon on Health Care Reform in the United States

Political Cartoon on Health Care Reform in the United States Cartoon Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Cartoon on Health Care Reform in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More (Toles 1) The cartoonist portrays the factors influencing the pace of the healthcare reform process in the United States. He suggests that the process has been very slow and has suffered several setbacks. In spite of the fact that the whole procedure of reforming the healthcare sector has covered a period more than a decade, there are massive political efforts adding some slack the process. The cartoonist demonstrates the parties involved in the healthcare reform bound to suffer from the pace of the reform process. The cartoonist mainly uses metaphors to pass his message. He likens the pace of the reform process to that of a snail meaning that the process has been very slow. In fact, he uses the picture of snail as an ambulance carrying the reform process in its back. In this case, re form process is seen to be in a critical point as symbolized by the ambulatory function of the snail carrying the reform process (Toles 1). The winding path used by the proverbial snail ambulance indicates that the process itself has not been progressive with regard to the achievements made to complete the process. In addition, the cartoonist adds a time frame to the winding path which gives an indicator of the years that the process suffered setbacks. This means that the process took a period of more than a decade. The cartoonist also employs personification to relay his message. An elephant asking the snail to reduce the pace is drawn at the end of the path to suggest that some stakeholders have tried to thwart the reforms. The human ability to talk is attributed to the two animals, and for that reason, presents the use of personification as a literary stylistic device.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The stakeholders in this case have massive influence on the whole process represented by the elephant image interacting with the small snail. The allegorical snail portrays the burden carried in the reform process since the snail is known to carry its shell on its back (Sheppard 21). At the foot of the cartoon, the elephant intimidates the snail ambulance that some people might get hurt in the reform process. This shows that some political bigwigs argue that the position of the reform process may be detrimental to some extent. Figuratively the snail is pictured as bigger than the elephant in the cartoon. This is symbolic of the weight that the reform processes and effort carries over the individual needs of the reform stakeholders The cartoonist exaggerates the pace, which the stakeholders would want to be used in the reform process. The snail pace is proverbially known to be the slowest pace, however, the parties would want the slowest speed be slackened the more. Their influence makes the reform process sluggish, which is portrayed in the year 2010 by the elephant standing on the year’s mark (Sheppard32). The audience of this cartoon will need to correlate the process of perform reforms within the healthcare sector and its impact on the society. One must reckon the fact that the process was established some times in the past and has arrived its critical stages. The reader must also notice that there exist stakeholders with vested interests in the whole reform process who have been a hindrance to its progress. A reader can offer a rebuttal to the cartoonist claim that the stakeholders influence the process in a detrimental manner. This is attributed to the reform process that is meant to be beneficial to all parties. This means that no matter how long it takes to carry out the reforms, all efforts to achieve an all-beneficial policy is valid, and for that reason, it should not be viewed negatively.Advertising We will wri te a custom essay sample on Political Cartoon on Health Care Reform in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sheppard, Alice. Cartooning for suffrage. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008. Print. Toles, Tom. Political cartoon on health care reform in the United States. Right to Health Care ProCon.org. Right to Health Care ProCon.org. N.p.,2009.

15 SAT Tips to Improve Your SAT Score

15 SAT Tips to Improve Your SAT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Improving your score on the SAT isn’t always easy, but it might be a little easier than you think if you use these tips! They're not necessarily magical, but here are 15 tips and tricks for different sections of the SAT to help you improve your scores with minimal extra study time. Writing Tip #1: Choose Succinct Answers The most concise answer choice is usually the correct answer to most SAT Writing questions that ask you to revise a portion of a sentence. High quality writing doesn't use unnecessary extra words that could make the statement unclear. Tip #2: Tread Carefully with â€Å"NO CHANGE† Answers Most questions on SAT Writing give you the option of choosing â€Å"NO CHANGE† as an answer.This can be a very dangerous choice if you’re shaky on grammar rules.If you don’t see any errors in the sentence right off the bat, you will probably be tempted to choose â€Å"NO CHANGE†. Double check yourself before you do this! If you notice that more than one in four questions seem to be â€Å"NO CHANGE†, then you might be missing something.Reread the other possibilities to yourself, and make sure you’re not overlooking any grammar errors. Essay Tip #3: It's Not About You The SAT Essay is all about analyzing another person's argument. Don't start giving your opinion on the topic or letting your perspective creep too much into your writing. Focus solely on how the author builds his or her argument. It's best to come up with three different techniques the author uses that are supported by concrete evidence. Then, structure your essay around describing those techniques. Write at least two pages to ensure that your essay thoroughly covers all the relevant points. Tip #4: Write an Intro with a Clear Thesisand a Conclusion When a grader looks at your essay, the first thing they want to see is that you’ve answered the prompt clearly and logically.This is why it’s so important that you write an introduction in which you spell out your thesis and outline how your essay will be structured.This will show the graders that you are capable of organizing your thoughts and know how to write effectively. You should also be sure to write a conclusion to wrap up all the points you made in your essay.Once again, this shows that you are able to organize your thoughts and bring your examples together to formulate a coherent opinion.The first and last paragraphs of your essay are disproportionately important to graders, so you should always devote a good chunk of your time to making them awesome. Everything is awesome! Especially your introduction and conclusion on your SAT essay! Am I right? Wait please don't leave... Reading Tip #5: Skim Passages This tip applies to most people. If you’re a very fast and thorough reader, you might be able to read passages closely without a problem.If you struggle with time pressure, however, I would recommend skimming the passages instead.You’ll save time and shouldn’t have much more difficulty answering the questions if you skim strategically. An effective skimming strategy is to read the introduction and conclusion paragraphs of the passage and the first and last sentences of every paragraph.You should be able to get a good sense of the main points of the passage and answer any big picture questions you come across after skimming this way.When you get to detail questions, you can go back and read specific parts of the passage closely on a question-by-question basis. Tip #6: Read Passage Introductions Many students are tempted to skip the little blurbs before SAT reading passages because they don’t seem important.This is a mistake! They can help you by providing context for the information in the passage. Often, these blurbs will tell you the setting, the name of the main character, or key details about when it was written and for what purpose.This can be extremely helpful when you’re trying to get your bearings on new reading material.Especially if you plan on skimming the passage or skipping straight to the questions, you should always read the italics! Tip #7: Use Process of Elimination This applies to all sections of the SAT, but I find that it’s especially important on the Reading section. This section has many questions that can be mistakenly interpreted to be subjective, so they choose an answer that they should have eliminated. The only correct answers are the answers that are supported by direct evidence in the passage or the sentence you’re referencing.All other answers will have something definitively wrong with them. In using process of elimination, you'll learn to be very picky about what constitutes an accurate answer, which is the secret to beating the test.See my article on the fundamental strategy of SAT Reading for a more in-depth look at how this works! Tip #8: Find the Evidence Questions Are Your Friends Find the evidence questions can help you detect incorrect answers and understand the reasoning behind correct answers. These types of questions refer to the previous question you answered, asking you to identify which quote from the passage provides the best evidence for your answer. By reading through the options for find the evidence questions, you can determine whether your answer to the previous question makes sense. Can you form a logical bridge between one of the choices and your previous response? If not, you should reexamine your response to the previous question in conjunction with the evidence options. Math Tip #9: Use the Diagrams On SAT Math questions, specifically geometry-related questions, you're often provided with diagrams that depict the problem you’re expectedto solve.These diagrams aren't just there for show. You canuse them to make logical deductions about which answers make sense and which don’t. Paying attention to what you see in a diagram might allow you to eliminate a couple of answer choices without even doing any calculations. Tip #10: Underline Your Goal A major pitfall for students on SAT Math is that they solve for the wrong values.This is a frustrating mistake to make, but it’s easily fixable. If you come across a question that includes multiple variables or dimensions, underline what it is that you need to solve for so you don’t get lost in your calculations.The SAT loves to provide wrong answers that students might pick if they only get halfway through their calculations or accidentally solve for a different variable.Don’t fall for them! Tip #: Plug in Answer Choices Plugging in answer choices is a key strategy in the Math section.If you’re not sure whether your answer to a question is correct, plug it in and see if it works.It's the easiest and most foolproof way to check your responses. You can also use this method to solve problems if you have time. Just plug in all the possible answer choices, and see which one fits.The advantage of multiple choice is that the correct answer is always right in front of you, even if you’re not sure which one it is yet. Overall Tip #12: Skip Tough Questions If you want to stop running out of time on the SAT, you need to learn to skip questions that are taking up too much of your time.How much time is too much? It depends on the section. Reading: 45 seconds Writing: 30 seconds Math: 60 seconds If you find yourself struggling with a question, move on and come back to it later. You can circle it if you want to make it easier to spot on your second pass through the section.Don't miss out on easier questions later on in the section because you got stuck on one toughie.Skipping a difficult question that you might not have gotten right anyways will damage your score far less than missing a bunch of questions at the end of the section. Tip #13: Double Check You should do your best to finish with extra time on every section of the SAT and double check your answers.If you’re even slightly unsure about a question, put a star next to it so that you’ll know to pay special attention to it when you double check your answers at the end. If you have enough time, double check all of your answers to control for careless mistakes. Even though it's tempting to take a rest at the end of the section, you'll thank yourself later if you find any easily fixable errors. Tip #14: Bubble at the End This is something that not many people think to do but is actually very helpful in saving a couple minutes of time per section.Waiting until the end of the section to bubble in all your answers means eliminating the annoying hassle of switching between your test booklet and answer sheet constantly.Circle your answers in the test booklet so you can easily record them on your answer sheet later. One caveat: Only use this tip if you can consistently finish each section of the SAT with at least two minutes to spare. You don’t want to end up solving all the questions but leaving your answer sheet blank! Tip #15: DEEP BREATHS Keeping a cool head on the SAT is essential.Test anxiety can have a severe impact on your scores, and it’s especially easy to fall victim to it if you’re shooting for a high score goal.If you have to skip a question, don’t let it derail you - just keep going. Answer whatever questions you can, and don’t get distracted by worries about your ultimate scores.Try to stay in the moment. If you don’t do as well as you hoped this time, it’s not the end of the world! The end of the world IS coming, though. Don't forget that. Review Use these 15 tips and tricks to help you quickly boost your score on the SAT! Writing 1. Choose the Most Succinct Answer2. Be Careful with â€Å"No Error† Answers Essay 3. Remember: It's Not About You4. Write an Intro and Conclusion Reading 5. Skim Passages6. Read Passage Introductions7. Use Process of Elimination8. Find the Evidence Questions Are Your Friends Math 9. Use the Diagrams10. Underline Key Points. Plug in Answer Choices Overall 12. Skip Tough Questions13. Double Check14. Bubble at the End15. Take Deep Breaths Tips won’t get you everywhere, and if you’re looking for big improvements, you should still be studying hard and using more in-depth strategies. The advice in this article is just here to give you the little extra boost you need to reach your full score potential! What's Next? Now that you've learned some quick tips for each section of the test, take a look at our more in-depth study stategies for SAT Reading, Writing, and Math. You should also check out our complete SAT study planso you can stay on the right track with your test prep! If your SAT test date is coming up soon, check out this list of the most important last minute strategy guides you need to read to get through the test. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Research Design and Methodology Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Design and Methodology - Research Paper Example After reviewing literature, the research design that will guide the investigation will be identified. In this particular case, the design that will be used for this research would be the analysis of secondary data. This is because for this kind of research design, there are very few research ethics that are involved. The main source of data in this research would be the internet and other library resources would supplement it. After selecting the research design, the next process would be collection of required data from their sources. Data sources for this particular research will be scholarly books, peer reviewed journals, published research papers, information from nonprofit organizations, and information from government agencies. This information would be obtained either from the library or internet sources. Since the sources of information are many and wide, it is necessary to select a sample. A sample is a portion of the sampling frame used in a research because of impracticability of using every item in the sampling frame (Buglear, 2012). Therefore, before starting the process of data collection, a sample of sources of information would be identified. In this particular research, the sampling frame consists of all sources of information that could provide data related to this research topic. After collecting the data, the next step to be undertaken would be data processing. According to Babbie (201 0), data processing methods available for qualitative research are coding, writing memos, and mapping concepts graphically. These are the methods of data processing that would be used for this research. After the data processing, the research conclusion will be drawn from the analyzed and interpreted data. The data collected in this particular case would represent the variables identified for this particular research topic. Data collected in this research will be qualitative and non-numerical. This is why it would be processed and

Critical Thinking Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Thinking Philosophy - Essay Example Critical thinking because of its reasoning based on logic is applicable here. By organizing his experiences with the universally accepted aesthetic standards like that of goodness and truth, the individual became an objective participant in the order of beauty. Any deviations from this harmony were subjective errors and which encompassed the individual’s lack of ability to make or comprehend beauty. This universe of the conscious makers was both beautiful and good and rational. Such a universe however went beyond the power of any single individual, be it intellectual, moral or aesthetic. This started the notion of there being a universal order, which had existed before and beyond them. This implied the existence of a bearer of ‘truth’, goodness’, and ‘beauty’ who had organized the universe into this one perfect module. This universe had to be full of ethically perfect activities and beauty and reason. Critical thinking in this context makes us pause and wonder whether there was a personal God behind this or a spiritual being outside this universe which was actually his creation or was an inherent active reason in the universe behind the creation of this perfect world. (Znaniecki, 88-89) Critical thinking encompasses metaphysical thinking as well as scientific thinking. Parmenides is considered to be the father of metaphysics. (Marias,20) The aim of metaphysics is to determine the real nature of things, to put all assumptions to test and to determine the meaning, structure and values of things the way they are.(Wilshire, 1-26)

Security challenges within Eurasia (Caucasus and Caspian basin) Essay

Security challenges within Eurasia (Caucasus and Caspian basin) - Essay Example Research shows that the basin holds about 100 billion barrels of gas and oil and stretches about the area of Northern Europe. Considering the size of the basin and its energy potential, the area is a very important for Europe and surrounding countries which are no less interested in harvesting the oil and gas. Furthermore, the region is supposed to be important in the redevelopment of the Silk Road that historically connected Europe and Asia. In this sense, the rout to be used in the transportation of energy resources has remained a security challenge as different countries prefer the use of different routes. NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and EAPC (Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council) countries are greatly interested in the Caspian basin and Caucasus region for the factors stated here above. On the other hand, Russia’s relationship with Central Asian as well as South Caucasus countries is perceived to be motivated toward the redrawing of former Soviet Unionâ€⠄¢s old lines3. In other words, Russia wants the countries in these regions to get into its circle of influence.

Why it is so important to be physically fit today What are some of the Research Paper

Why it is so important to be physically fit today What are some of the Physical Fitness Benefits - Research Paper Example I said to myself it is time to get fit. I had to register for the physical fitness this summer which l believe is a great start on my journey towards achieving complete physical fitness. Definitions of physical fitness are constantly changing because of the amount of effort wanted to do normal day by day activities has dangerously turned down. I think people are not capable to maintain with the normal daily activities of three or four decades ago. Today lifestyles of man are more inactive so there one can see the need of accurate definitions related with physical fitness. Physical fitness of today can define as an enhanced physiological condition that leads to better quality health and long life. From my own experience with health professionals and doctors , I knew that the term physical fitness stands for a level of health exemplified by muscular strength, cardio vascular endurance, physical and mental flexibility, muscular endurance, and a lean and fit body composition. Mohamed Han i Ratib et al attribute: â€Å"Physical, mental and social benefits are gained from physical fitness† (.Ratib et al 51). In general a physically fit person goes with a satisfied and happy state of mind. Additionally this condition is the foundation of all energetic and creative intellectual activity. Through fitness evaluation I measured my own physical fitness and I came to realize that desirable physical fitness provide both mental and physical strength and well-being for my life. The term physical fitness is related with a person’s quality of life. Different factors such as health status, hereditary, deficiency power, food habit, family backgrounds and life style can play a significant role in the process of making physical fitness. Physical fitness takes in various physical abilities like effective body composition, coordination, cardiovascular strength, speed and flexibility. I agree with the findings made by previous studies and researches which emphasize the var ious benefits of physical fitness. Studies and researches have proved that physical fitness prevents various diseases like cardiovascular disease and digestion problems Physical fitness is essential for the formation of a sound psychological state. It is a part of common knowledge is that a healthy body is a home for a sound mind. Furthermore Physical fitness is responsible for the overall well-being and development of a person. Similarly, physical fitness is an essential factor in work field and it promotes success in both personal and professional life of a person. Physical fitness is one of the important properties that an individual can achieve. It is helpful for a person to work in the armed forces because fit body is free from aliment of any kind. I have some friends who been maintained physical fitness for many years and they informed me that the importance of physical fitness is that it is the need of both young and old. The easy contact to fitness centers further highlights the importance of physical fitness. Daily exercises have resulted in people towards longer and healthier lives. Today, I can give suggestions about various exercises to my own friends who failed to keep physical fitness. Patricia Bragg, Dr. Paul C. Bragg, Dr. Patricia Bragg and Paul C Bragg advise that â€Å"If you want a long, healthy life, keep your body orderly and fit† (Bragg & Bragg 79). My own experiences have convinced me that physical fitness gives more than improvement to the quality of life; it strengthens cardiovascular fitness and body survival. Habitual physical exercise helps to make better the strength of human heart. Besides physical fitness increases the blood circulation in human body naturally that helps to distribute oxygen and nutrients to all the

You Choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

You Choose - Essay Example vement aimed at enforcement of the guarantees of racial equality that were already contained in the Civil War (13th, 14th and 15th) Amendments to the US Constitution, as well as the Civil Rights Acts from the Reconstruction period. To the contrary, these guarantees were greatly undermined by subsequent US legislation. In fact, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 had even been declared unconstitutional within just a decade by Supreme Court rulings in 1883 on the basis that â€Å"Congress had no right to trespass on the states’ internal powers of economic regulation†. (Chambers Dictionary) The consequence of this was that the fundamental citizenship rights promised to the blacks were denied, and the existent status of blacks as slaves since the founding of the republic was exploited to pave the way for the practice of racial segregation. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 did provide for equal accommodation for both blacks and whites, but it was limited to public facilities that excluded schools. Moreover, its annulment by the 1883 Supreme Court ruling put an abrupt end to the even limited promised rights and reinforced segregation practices. The Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case resulted in another landmark Supreme Court ruling wherein the segregation of blacks and whites was further legitimized by expounding the ‘separate but equal’ doctrine. â€Å"Plessy set the precedent that ‘separate’ facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were ‘equal’.† (Landmark cases). In this case, legislation was permitted to make distinctions based on race as long as neither was deprived of rights or privileges. Consequently, this doctrine was applied in many public places such as schools, restaurants, department stores, libraries, theatres, transportation etc. In effect, this created an unnecessary duplication of services, but the inequalities and inconveniences that black people faced can easily be imagined. From a legal perspective it also demonstrated the

Why it is so important to be physically fit today What are some of the Research Paper

Why it is so important to be physically fit today What are some of the Physical Fitness Benefits - Research Paper Example I said to myself it is time to get fit. I had to register for the physical fitness this summer which l believe is a great start on my journey towards achieving complete physical fitness. Definitions of physical fitness are constantly changing because of the amount of effort wanted to do normal day by day activities has dangerously turned down. I think people are not capable to maintain with the normal daily activities of three or four decades ago. Today lifestyles of man are more inactive so there one can see the need of accurate definitions related with physical fitness. Physical fitness of today can define as an enhanced physiological condition that leads to better quality health and long life. From my own experience with health professionals and doctors , I knew that the term physical fitness stands for a level of health exemplified by muscular strength, cardio vascular endurance, physical and mental flexibility, muscular endurance, and a lean and fit body composition. Mohamed Han i Ratib et al attribute: â€Å"Physical, mental and social benefits are gained from physical fitness† (.Ratib et al 51). In general a physically fit person goes with a satisfied and happy state of mind. Additionally this condition is the foundation of all energetic and creative intellectual activity. Through fitness evaluation I measured my own physical fitness and I came to realize that desirable physical fitness provide both mental and physical strength and well-being for my life. The term physical fitness is related with a person’s quality of life. Different factors such as health status, hereditary, deficiency power, food habit, family backgrounds and life style can play a significant role in the process of making physical fitness. Physical fitness takes in various physical abilities like effective body composition, coordination, cardiovascular strength, speed and flexibility. I agree with the findings made by previous studies and researches which emphasize the var ious benefits of physical fitness. Studies and researches have proved that physical fitness prevents various diseases like cardiovascular disease and digestion problems Physical fitness is essential for the formation of a sound psychological state. It is a part of common knowledge is that a healthy body is a home for a sound mind. Furthermore Physical fitness is responsible for the overall well-being and development of a person. Similarly, physical fitness is an essential factor in work field and it promotes success in both personal and professional life of a person. Physical fitness is one of the important properties that an individual can achieve. It is helpful for a person to work in the armed forces because fit body is free from aliment of any kind. I have some friends who been maintained physical fitness for many years and they informed me that the importance of physical fitness is that it is the need of both young and old. The easy contact to fitness centers further highlights the importance of physical fitness. Daily exercises have resulted in people towards longer and healthier lives. Today, I can give suggestions about various exercises to my own friends who failed to keep physical fitness. Patricia Bragg, Dr. Paul C. Bragg, Dr. Patricia Bragg and Paul C Bragg advise that â€Å"If you want a long, healthy life, keep your body orderly and fit† (Bragg & Bragg 79). My own experiences have convinced me that physical fitness gives more than improvement to the quality of life; it strengthens cardiovascular fitness and body survival. Habitual physical exercise helps to make better the strength of human heart. Besides physical fitness increases the blood circulation in human body naturally that helps to distribute oxygen and nutrients to all the

Critical and Post-Modern Organization Theory Essay

Critical and Post-Modern Organization Theory - Essay Example They state that Critical Theory strives hard to liberate and enslave human beings through transformation of various conditions and circumstances. This theory also aids in descriptive and normative base in social inquiry where it seeks to reduce command and power, and increase freedom in all respective manners. Critical theories have gone through different historical phases and have passed several generations (Fellunga, 2002). Critical theory has set its aims, methods, theories, and explanations in both natural and social sciences and thus this theory is extended to ethics, political philosophy, and philosophy of history. Furthermore, critical theorists argue that enterprises do not have a practical approach in instrumental sense, but rather they have a keen interest in the moral sense. They do not strive to achieve some independent goal but instead they seek human liberation in coercion, repression, and domination. While the formulation of materialism stated, that critical theory has all the rights to function within the boundaries of division of labor. But within this scenario, philosophy normative stance has the right to condemn the ethics, principles and embodiment of reason (Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, 2005). On the other hand, post modern theory or post modernism has been derived after modernism but both these terms have a wide distinction among each other. Modernism is concerned with identity, unity, authority, and certainty while post modernism reflects difference, separation, textuality, and skepticism. Post modernism originated from architecture and covered two main theories; deconstruction and post structuralism. This theory is used not only in art-related fields but it also assists in marketing & business, law and culture fields. Basically post modernism are those group of critics who are inspired by the postmodern culture in which they live

Alcohol and the American Colonists Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and the American Colonists Essay American history shows that our ancestors were heavy drinkers. Why did the colonists drink so much? To understand the logic of our ancestors heavy drinking, we think about colonial life. What drinking resources were available to them? What kind of life did they live? New England water was polluted and cow’s milk caused â€Å"sickness† (tuberculosis). New England had cold winters. What did they have to keep warm? Whatever dangers heavy drinking may have presented to the early American colonists, the dangers were minimal compared to the useful benefits alcohol provided them. Drinking resources were limited in colonial times. As Brown states, â€Å"Two typical New England facts brought about polluted water: Indians and the weather. † The Indians had a reputation of stealing, and when the colonists weren’t worried about the Indians the threat of winter brought snow and cold temperatures. Many colonists had wells available for water. Brown describes the water quality in Wines and Beers of New England: â€Å"Wells were either next to the house, usually in and attached shed, or right inside. Sanitary requirements were unknown. The customary way of dealing with human wastes was to use a â€Å"chamber pot,† which was emptied onto the animal dung heap, often very close to the water supply. Yet the farmers needed to quench their thirst, and although secondarily the alcohol in beer wine, and cider must have helped make the rugged unpleasantness of their lives more endurable, primarily the alcohol was a preservative for their drinks. † Alcohol was accessible and didn’t pose a threat to the colonists. â€Å"It was more than a luxury,† â€Å"it was a necessity. † (Lender and Martin 2) The main concern of American colonists was farming. War was also going on. Farmers turning into soldiers being sent to fight. These were depressing times especially during winter months. How were these soldiers to keep warm? If we think about it a fire would give away their position and they had no shelter. Written by John Brown in Early American Beverages, â€Å"Exposed to the rigors of freezing and sub-zero temperatures, at times, a bit of rum or wine provided a warming stimulant and may have prevented pneumonia. † For the soldiers alcohol was a necessity. Our colonial ancestors were heavy drinkers. Alcohol was beneficial, and it was only logical to the colonists for alcohol to be a major part of an everyday diet. Alcohol provided warmth in the cold, no expiration, happiness in war, and hydration for farmers. The dangers of alcohol were minimal in comparison to the other drinking sources. Works Cited: Brown, John H. Early American Beverages. New York: Bonanza, 1966. Print. Brown, Sanborn. Wines Beers of Old New England A How-To-Do-It History . Hanover, NH: The UP of England, 1978. Print. Lender, Mark E. , and James K. Martin. Drinking in America: A History. 2nd ed. New York: Free Press, 1987. Print.

The Use Of Mechanical Ventilators Engineering Essay

The Use Of Mechanical Ventilators Engineering Essay The respiratory system, composed of different structures, is involved in ventilation and gas exchange. Its main function is to provide a surface for gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide [1]. Gas exchange is performed at the alveoli, specialised cells which are part of the lung parenchyma. It provides oxygen to the blood and removes the carbon dioxide produced in the body as a product of cellular metabolism; for the oxygen to reach the lungs there must be a series of tubular structures that communicate with the outside. The diagram below shows a block diagram of the anatomic structure for the respiratory system (Fig. 1). Figure Block diagram of the Respiratory System anatomic structure Air diffusion into these channels is conducted by the respiratory muscles (intercostals and diaphragm) which increase and decrease rhythmically the size of the thoracic cavity (inspiration and expiration). The pleural cavity contributes on this phenomenon when its negative pressure opposes the elastic recoil of the lung; this action gives place to a conductive portion of the system, whose function is to allow air penetration. In addition the respiratory portion composed bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli; establishes homeostasis. Figure Muscles and Pressures involved during breathing The ventilation of the lungs can be measured by studying a gas volume and its variations in the lungs [2]. Boyles, Charles, Daltons and Henrys law of gasses are critical in the understanding of gas exchange, measurement of gas movement take an important part in mechanical ventilation. During breathing movements are cyclic, and volume in the thoracic cavity is changed by the muscles mention before. During inspiration the pressure within the thoracic cavity and lungs is decreased and the same time the volume is increased, allowing air flow in. On the other hand during expiration the elastic lungs and the thoracic wall recoils producing an increase of pressure but a decrease in volume; allow letting air flow out (Fig. 1). Figure Respiratory performance and volume relationships Figure 3 At the same time, inhalation and exhalation allow the mobilization of the volume of gas which can vary depending on the type of respiratory movement and lung elastic forces. Lung capacities are defined by the sum of different volumes. Figure 2 shows a graphic representation of the respiratory performance volume relationships. FCR (Functional Residual Capacity) represents the remaining air after a cycle. VT (Tidal Volume) is the flux of air in a normal inspiration and expiration. IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume) is the amount of air moved during a maximum and forced inspiration and results over the Tidal Volume. Similar to IVR, ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume) is the amount of air mobilised during a maximum and force expiration resulting below the Tidal Volume. The vital capacity is the sum of IRV, VT, and ERV. VR (Residual Volume) as its name says, is the amount of air remained in lungs after a maximum exhalation. The IC (Inspiratory Capacity) is the flux of air after a quiet cycle. A nd finally the TLC (Total Lung Capacity) corresponds to the total volume of gas remaining in the lung after a maximal and forced inspiration. Volumes and lung capacities may be altered in different diseases; its measurement is a critical element for diagnosis, performed by pulmonary function tests. The respiratory parameters: compliance, lung elasticity, intrathoracic pressure, airway resistance, intra-alveolar pressure; help measure the strength in muscles when breathing. Airway resistance is determined by the Poiseuille Law (eq. 1): {1} Where ÃŽÂ · represents the viscosity of the fluid, l is the longitude in the airways, and r is the radio on the airways. Resistance has a great significance in pulmonary physiology; and it is analysed by the ratio of the pressure differential flow. The airway resistance can be increased significantly in the presence of disease such as Bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema among others. In addition a great amount of patients admitted to intensive care have need of some form of respiratory support; due primarily to hypoxaemia or ventilatory failure. Respiratory support ranges from oxygen therapy by face mask, through non-invasive techniques such as continuous positive airways pressure, to full ventilatory support with endotracheal intubation[3]. Figure Block Diagram of a basic mechanical ventilator A mechanical ventilator is an automatic machine, designed to provide all or part of the work the body must produce to move air (gas) from the inside to the outside and vice versa. Furthermore mechanical ventilators are designed to transmit energy applied in a predetermined manner to perform a specific task. Interface between machine and patient stable, energy source, control system (for timing and size of the breaths regulations) and monitoring (device performance and patients condition) are the general requirements for ventilators (Fig. 4). A further analysis as well as comparison of this equipment will be made along the paper, with the purpose of a better understanding of its designed and future developments. Current State of the Art Since the invention of artificial respiratory supply, mechanical ventilators have evolved in the past 40 years. There are five generations of mechanical ventilators where changes have been made in order to present a better apparatus. The first generation consisted of only one mode of ventilation, and the electronics used was primitive compared to the one used nowadays. The equipment was no safe since the control with the user was not precise and it did not count with any alarm system. The second generation provided basic alarms, containing electronic circuitry as well as an analogue control of fluid. A major evolution took place on the third generation; digital electronics, microprocessors, were employed for most of the functions. The fourth generation included modern displays such as CRT or LCD ensuring a better patient care. The generation currently used is the fifth generation which features a better onscreen display control. It is also made by advanced logarithms that permit graphic display, calculation of lungs mechanical properties, and system diagnostics. Principles of Operation Mechanical ventilation is all different types of procedures that provide artificial respiration employing machinery to meet the respiratory function of a person who cannot perform it by itself [4]. In addition Mechanical Ventilation (MV) is the product of interaction between a ventilator and a patient, and through this equipment parameters of volume, flow, pressure and time are controlled. Considered as a generator of positive pressure that supplies active phase of the respiratory cycle; there are basically four types of MV: controlled by pressure, time, volume and flow. Mechanical ventilation systems create an intermittent positive pressure where air or a gas mixture enriched in oxygen is insufflated in the patients airway. Pressure in the airway at the end of passive expiration and that at the same time goes beyond atmospheric pressure is known as positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) [5]. PEEP is extremely important in effects and mechanisms of the respiratory system. It plays major roles in gas exchange, lung mechanics, and hemodynamic effects. Some effects in lung mechanics it prevents the lung from collapsing, increases FRC among others.[5] In order to provide respiratory support, a MV such as the one in figure is used. Figure Flow and control of gas exchange during artificial ventilation Input of this system provides O2 as a medicinal gas; and in the case of portable ventilators the medicinal gas can be supplied by a dry air compressor. Ventilatory gas is passed through a pressure regulator; which is in charge of preserving the preset pressure for the inspiratory gas and ensures the integrity of the airway. The gas flown to the patient is allocated by an electro-valve (Fig. 5); this remains energised until the end of the inspiratory time previously programmed, when de-energised the gas flow is ceased. Finally the expiratory electro-valve is activated causing the air exhaled by the patient to be expelled to the environment by a biological filter that prevents the contamination of this. Models of Ventilator-Patient Interaction Figure Model representing breathing, were a rigid flow conducting tube is connected to an elastic compartment The Respiratory System can be modelled to illustrate the relations amongst the variables of interest; providing a better understanding of patient-equipment interaction. The model most frequently used is shown in figure where a rigid flow conducting tube is connected to an elastic compartment [6]. When airway pressure goes higher than the base line, the inspiration is assisted (Fig. 6)The Transrespiratory pressure (eq.2) leads inspiration, and is the pressure at the airway opening, ,minus the pressure at the body surface: {2} At the same time has two components, transairway pressure (eq. 3) and transthoracic pressure (eq. 4): {3} {4} A mathematical model that represents volume, pressure and flow during ventilation is known as the equation of motion for the respiratory system [6] (eq. 5) : {5} Where is the pressure generated by the ventilator, is the pressure generated by the ventilator muscles, is the respiratory system elastance, is the respiratory system resistance, and is lung volume where the derivate of volume with respect of time is the flow in the system. Table (1) compares typical values against values during mechanical ventilation [6]. Table Pressures and Volumes during Mechanical ventilation Typical Values Mechanical Ventilation The model provides the basis for monitoring the patients current condition, and it is done in terms of R and E which are mechanical properties. Figure Electrical model representing breathing composed of a RC circuit Another model used for representation is the electrical model (Fig. 7); this model is analogous to an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor and a capacitor (RC circuit), a power supply, which in this case represents the pressure generated by a mechanical ventilator. The electric current stands for the flow of air in the system. In this model, pressure, volume and flow are variables (functions of time) while the resistance and compliance are constant [4]. Second Law of Kirchooff can be used to analyse the electrical model and the following equation(eq. 6) can be derived: {6} Current and charge can be related by , the electrical parameters of the circuit can be now represented by the ventilator variables. When applying a pressure to the input of the system (output pressure of the ventilator), the volume varies according to the following differential equation (eq. 7) the total pressure applied is equal to the sum of the differences in pressure due to the compliance of the system and to the resistance of the airway: {7} According to this system is the output pressure of the ventilator, the inspiratory volume, and is the compliance of the lung [4]. Operating Modes Mechanical ventilators count with different operating modes, which are the manner the ventilator ensures that the patient is provided by the appropriate minute ventilation; satisfying the respiratory needs without damaging any pulmonary tissue. Operating modes can be identified by: breathing pattern, Control type, Control Strategy [6]. When specifying just the breath control variable (Primary Breath Control), there are three approaches: pressure control, volume control and dual control modes. Pressure control (PC) is used when patients can initiate respiration; pressure in the airway is increased during inspiration. Volume control (VC) employs a control system to guarantee that a set tidal volume is distributed during the inspiratory cycle. The Dual Control (DC) is simply a combination of both, used in order to provide minute ventilation while maximizing patient synchrony[6]. Breath sequence is the other component of breathing pattern operating mode. There are two ways airflow can be delivered using this mode, mandatory or spontaneous. The difference between the two of these is that on mandatory breath the ventilator initiates and establishes the tidal volume, Vt. Contrary to mandatory breath on spontaneous breath the patient establishes and starts its own breathing. From these, three different modes of breath sequence can be delivered: Continuous Mandatory Ventilation (CMV), Continuous Spontaneous Ventilation (CSV), and Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV). CVM and CSV, all breaths are mandatory or spontaneous respectively; however in IMV breaths can be either mandatory or spontaneous [6]. Controls In order to select breathing mode and ventilation pattern parameters, controls are used. There are two different ways on which breathing can be controlled, and at the same time there are control strategies which depend on the variables and parameters set to obtain this. A system can be controlled by an open loop or closed loop (Fig. 8). Like any open loop system, there is no feedback, and the system could be affected by mechanical changes in the lungs, patients ventilatory efforts and leaks [6]. Figure Control systems used for mechanical ventilation Closed loop sense breathing variables such as pressure, volume, and flow to provide a feedback signal which is compared to the desired value set at the input. There are different types of closed loop systems depending on the number of variables used. The instruments used to measure volume-flow rate are referred to as volume flowmeters; they may be classified as rotameters, penumotachographs, hot-wire anemometers, time-of-flight flowmeters, ultrasonic flowmeters, and vortex flowmeters [2]. Depending on their principle of operation, flowmeters can be classified in four main categories: rotating-vane, ultrasonic, thermal-convection, and differential pressure flowmeters. Rotating-vane Flowmeters These types of sensors contain a small motor or turbine which rotates with airflow, and then flow rate is related to the revolution of the rotor. This type of flowmeter is commonly used in ventilator machines and respiratory monitoring [2]. The spins are detected optically and converted into voltage to be recorded or displayed. Ultrasonic Flowmeters Ultrasonic flowmeters can measure instantaneous flow and the effect of the flowing gas on the transit time of the ultrasonic signal [7]. A crystal is used for transmitting and receiving and it is placed externally and obliquely to the axis of the tube through which the gas flows [7]. The time elapsed will depend not only on the velocity, but on the temperature as well as composition of the gas analysed. One main advantage of this type of transducer is that unidirectional flow can be measured, which is applicable for clinical monitoring. Thermal-Convection Flowmeters Thermal sensing technologies are usually made of hot wires, metal film, and thermistol which all use heat to sense gas flow. The wires are heated by an electric current and the heat transfer is used to measure the gas flow [2]. The wire is heated above flow gas temperature, to associate temperature differences; a metal mesh is placed at both ends of the tube. This type of sensing is limited to only one flow direction, more sensors can be located in the tube for multiple directions and for breathing a calibration factor must be considered. [7]. Differential Pressure Flowmeters Flowmeters that use the relationship of pressure drop with airflow through a system. There include elements such flow resistors. Common Failures Figure Closed system during mechanical ventilation The most common failures presented in MV are mainly as a consequence of poor maintenance and user error. Leaks in the circuit due to bad connections or due by perforations in tube are a frequent dysfunction. Leaks stop the proper delivery of tidal volume as well as an accurate sensing flow from the ventilator. PEEP can also be affected by this interfering with O2 saturation (Fig. 9). At times, when an patient with intubation is not able to trigger the ventilator, or the ventilator senses by mistake a patients effort and delivers breaths, is known as patient-ventilator dyssynchrony. As a result the machine delivers an unsuitable breath to the rate of the patients inspiratory efforts. This type of error is also identified as trigger failure or desynchronisation, mismatching, and fighting the ventilator [8]. One cause for patient-ventilator dyssynchrony is fixing the trigger sensitivity improperly. When a desynchronisation with the patients efforts to initiate a breath exists, work of breathing can occur which can be accompanied with respiratory distress preventing pulmonary gas exchange.. Another usual failure is due to user error with the interface. MVs are complex equipments, and the need of the clinician to be familiar with the machine is crucial. It is important that Mechanical Ventilators count with an audible and visual alarm when detecting a leakage or disconnection. Possible hazards to humans Problems may occur while using a mechanical ventilator, especially with patients that been required the use of a MV for a prolonged amount of time. The risks occasioned by the use of respiratory support can lead to severe harmful or even death. Common hazards that may occur due to the use of a ventilator are: infections, pneumothorax, and lung injury. Infections The most common risk reported is acquiring Ventilator-associated pneumonia, which is caused by an infection. The tube allows germ (bacteria) to penetrate more easily into the lungs. This can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia can be a serious problem and may mean that a person may not be able to initiate respiration leading to a longer use of a MV. In addition a recent study reported factors related such as the development of shock, and renal failure [9]. In order to prevent infections a number of control procedures can be performed, and these include maintaining the ventilator as well as the breathing circuit [8]. Pneumothorax Occasionally when a part of the lung is weak, this may become over full of air and as a result an air leak may occur. The leak allows air into the space between the lung and chest wall. The air in this region occupies space in a manner that the lung begins to collapse. If there is air leakage, a chest tube into is used to drain the excess air; allowing the lung to re-expand and stop the leak. Lung Injury The pressure generated by introducing air into the lungs with a ventilator can damage the lungs. Furthermore, very high levels of oxygen can also be harmful to the lung. As a solution to try to keep this risk to a minimum the lowest pressure necessary as well as the only oxygen needed is supplied. Prolonged intubation usually defined as a period longer than 48 hours [10] may lead to swallowing dysfunction. This is mainly caused by impairing glottic closure reflex, reducing subglottic pressure, limiting laryngeal elevation, desensitizing the larynx and hypopharynx, and causing disuse muscle atrophy of the larynx and pharynx [10]. Advantages and limitations of various techniques Once analysed the principles of operations and risks of Mechanical Ventilators, for a better understanding of these is necessary to mention the advantages and disadvantages that they could bring. The impact MV have had over the past 40 years is massive due to the fact that mechanical ventilators provide vital support. Nowadays ventilators found in the market present vast options in terms of modes, control and displays which in many cases can result complicated and the knowledge of these is required[8]. In addition features need to be evaluated in order to establish which configuration mode is suitable for each patient [8]. Ideally hospitals should acquire equipment that incorporates the latest development in ventilation; however as mention before this could lead to complications and misuse of the devices. Requesting companies training to all staff involved in the use, handling and care of the equipment helps to reduce the risk [11].The complicity of the equipment could be considered as a disadvantage of MV, nevertheless ventilators with good human factors design provide major advantage [8]. Mechanical ventilators, being devices that provide respiratory support the duration and need may vary from patient to patient; age is also an important factor as well as the condition. Ventilators are usually used in patients that are in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and after remaining in intubation after 48 hours the risk to the patient increases. Weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) permits patients to restart spontaneous breathing steadily; however some risks are involved [12] and are mentioned in section. Risks and hazards to patients should always be considered when dealing with medical devices; however the benefits that they bring play a major role. But still as an advantage mechanical ventilators as mentioned before, bring vital support where initiation of breathing or respiration cannot be performed by the patient. Critical Comparison Figure Piston pump in HFOV Differences between each mechanical ventilator is defined by their operation mode which establish the flow pattern, pressure and volume delivered to the patient with the purpose of controlling alveolar ventilation and as a result achieve the goals of mechanical ventilation. Ventilation modes are determined by the combination of breathing pattern, type of ventilation and control. As for this MV operation mode is going to vary according to the age, and state of the patient, in a way that ventilation is provided and the risk is minimal. Requirements As mentioned before, the continuous use of ventilators may induce injury to the lungs. Air strained outside the normal air spaces creates a swelling pressure that may injure alveoli. The name of this condition is Barotrauma, and malfunction to the mechanical ventilation may occur. High pressures or volumes during inspiration, or when extreme PEEP is used are causes of Barotrauma. There has not been found an association of clinical injury with the level of pressure used, the problem is estimated to be an over expedition of volume [13]. High frequency ventilation(HFV) is a ventilation strategy for patients with respiratory failure; providing a small source of tidal volumes (VT) which is in most of the cases less than the anatomic dead space volume, with respiratory rates above 150rpm. Modern Research studies have shown that HFV can help reduce barotraumas in normal and injured lungs [14]. Figure Flow during high frequency ventilation HFV can be classified according to the source that generates their frequency and the type of exhalation phase; there are four types: High Frequency Jet Ventilation (HFJV), High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV), High Frequency Flow Interruption (HFFI), and High Frequency Positive Pressure Ventilation. The most commonly is used is the HFOV where in a continuous positive air pressure circuit the frequencies are oscillated by a piston pump (Fig. 10). During inspiration, each high frequency pulse in the flow creates a profile shaped like a bullet (Fig. 11), with the central molecules moving on beyond the airway than those found in the periphery. Table (2) describes and compares main differences between common ventilation and high frequency ventilation. Table Comparison between HF ventilator and Conventional ventilator HFV Conventional Ventilator Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) Frequency is measure in rpm Uses Displacement Volume (Vd) Uses Tidal Volume (Vt) Volume per minute is measured: Volume per minute is measured: Medical Devices Available on the Market There is a wide range of medical ventilators currently available on the market, and they all offer variety of options ranging in modes, variables monitored and ways of control [8] . Specific requirements and recommendations can be separated according to the complexity based on their performance. Some of the most common brands available nowadays are listed in table (3), and they all offer ventilators that may vary according to specific needs. Table Brands currently available Brand Model ACOMA ART-100 ART-21EX BIO-MED DEVICES CV-3 CV-4 DRAEGER Carina Home Evita 2 dura Evita 4 Evita XL Oxylog 1000 Oxylog 2000 Oxylog 3000 Savina EVENT MEDICAL Inspiration Inspiration LS GE HEALTHCARE(DATEX-OHMEDA) Centiva/5 Engstrom Carestation HAMILTON GALILEO GOLD RAPHAEL COLOR IMPACT Unit-Vent 754 INTERMED INTER5 PLUS/ GMX INTER PLUS VAPS/ GMX KIMURA KV-3N MAQUET Servo-i(Adult:Infant) Servo-S ( Adult: Pediatric) NEWPORT E100M E150 Breeze E360 E500 Wave PULMONETIC SYSTEMS/VYASIS HEALTHCARE LTV 900 LTVO 950 LTV 1000 RESPIRONICS Esprit SAIME ELISEE SIARE Siaretron 1000 ICU Siaretron 1000 IPER Siaretron 3000 ICU TAEMA eXtreria Horus 4 NEFTIS icu TECME Neumovent Graph TYCO HEALTHCARE PURITAN BENNETT 740 760 840 VERSAMED iVent201 VYASYS HEALTHCARE AVEA Vela Vela + Vela Comprehensive Future Stage of Development Advanced features like recording and accurate and advanced predictions will come in a future state of development. In addition the ability to link multiple devices on one is now available, where the ventilator monitor can display lectures from other devices. Portable devices are starting to become more common, they are light and compact devices. Important upgrades have been made to portable devices, where advanced features are now presented. Current portable ventilators present various modes of ventilation and longer power supply. In order to avoid complexity, it is important when developing new features to consider the principal use of ventilators, which is respiratory supply. In addition for longer term care many features may not be used and costs can increase. Conclusions Mechanical ventilators are vital equipments that provide vital support to a patient. They provide artificial respiration to patients that cannot breathe on their own. Their principle of operation is based on mechanical exchange of gases, and their circuitry includes electro-valves for their control and flowmeters as transducers. MV can become very complex devices, training of clinicians using them is crucial in order to avoid risks to patients. Hazards to patients may occur when used for more than 48 hours, however new techniques like high frequency ventilation can reduce this. There is a wide range of devices present on the market and they all vary on their modes of operation. Portable devices are now popular and present important features. Mechanical ventilators are used every day in hospitals and represent a critical part on vital support.