An Importance of the Spiritual Faith - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1173 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Religion Essay Level High school Topics: Faith Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Death has perpetually been the common debated discussion concerning humans belief. As we all know death is the closing journey in life; hence, all living beings will inevitably die. It is part of nature, yet a mystery nobody has endured telling. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Importance of the Spiritual Faith" essay for you Create order It is said to inspire peoples works. Although, death is still a story as the entire human community still wonders how it runs on peoples lives. Nurses perform an essential role in caring for dying patients and their families. Because of this, nurses need to evaluate their beliefs and feeling of death before providing care to patients. Personal Experience: Back in 2011, I was a Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) I was carrying for one of my patients who was neared to death and had a status of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR). 68 years-old female was diagnosed with bone cancer taking treatment of radiation and chemotherapy. But the therapies were not helping help, so she decided to go on Hospice care. Her family was unhappy with her decision and was not readied to let her go yet, but she was prepared to go to heaven. A few years ago, during one of her hospitals stays she had filled out an advanced directive. She entirely agreed with her decisions that she made. However, she was dying and did not want her life to be continued any longer than it had, because she understood the severity of her condition and knew that her life would nevermore go back to what it used to be. After one and half month on her final days, a hospice nurse came to give her morning bed bath. I was her CNA, and I still remembered when I was helping the hospice nurse giving her morning bed bath she was skinny, pale, her mouth, and eyes were dry, her body was cold, and skin appeared to be weeping and moist. Her family was at the bedside with her to say their goodbye and they knew she would be passing any time. Now that I got the news, I undergo all the stages of depression and grief. As I learned about postmortem care during my nursing school, I clean my patient and prepare a person for immediate viewing as wanted by family members. I quietly stay with family for a while to support them. I found her family was still holding her hand, crying, and pleading with God. It addressed me understand that life is too short. I gave families unlimited time and provide privacy. Personal Faith and Death: Inside the United States, we ought to consider Immigrants from across the earth that various traditional cultures including religious faiths. Being health care professionals, we necessarily possess in-depth knowledge regarding diversity. To speak about culture including the holy faith one has just enough skill of religion and spirituality. As a health care professional, its essential to know the fundamental component about each faith to implement that best possible care to each of the patients. However, its impossible to be knowledgeable about all religion presented to healthcare workers. In order to give optimal care, its imperative to evaluate our patient spiritual faith also its part in their health care. We all grew up beside loved ones alone around us; it is our families, friends, also pets, and several times we do not deem that we will ever lose them. Placing me in the dying position my biggest fear would be leaving my family behind. The feeling of being never seeing them after death is unexplainable. But either way death and dying is a normal part of human being life. It is a natural part of a persons life, in that what has a beginning will ultimately come to an end. Nurses Rule and Post-Mortem Care: Caring for a dying patient is a necessary part of each nurses duty. However, it is now a fact that caregivers frequently have struggled in dealing with such activity. Throughout the end of life care nurse should recognize an end-of-life care plan, advanced directives, including caregiver support (Potter Perry, 2017). The nurses primary role in caring for a patient before death includes talk to the person even if the person does not respond because they can hear you. Keep the perineal area clean and dry, the position for comfort, administer medications to maintain symptoms of pain, restlessness, avoid noxious stimuli and do not force a person to eat or drink. The nurses first role in caring for a patient after death is clean the patient from head to toe, removed all equipment, indwelling, and tubes lines such as feeding tube. It is a nurse responsibility to applied identify name tags on person and closed the eyes if its open. Documentation the entire event and notified provider, chaplain, and mortuary. Dress a client for transport to the morgue or funeral home per facility contract. California Advance Directives: Most people think that advance directives are for older adults that however are just not true. Advance directives are a way for our families to make medical decisions for us when we are in a critical state. I appreciate my quality of life. I have always wanted to support other people thats why even though after I die, I planned to donate my organs because some peoples in the world are waiting for organs to received and live their life. I believe becoming an organ donor after death is not merely an essential decision for myself. Still, it is further a necessary choice for the life that I may have the ability to save. Nurses Role in the Dying Experience One of the most remarkable things as nurses we can do for patients that are dying is to implement the best reasonable care for them and their families and friends through the last phase of life through death. It is necessary that the nurse performs thorough assessments, rapid response to changes in status, rapid titration of medications, and timely discontinuation and an introduction of interventions aimed to promote comfort (Potter Perry, 2017). Make sure you maintain the patient essential dignity and respect during the last phase of life. I deem training will help, and respecting patients wishes and dreams for ending of life care need to be in considerations. Conclusion: Caring dying patient was an excellent experience for me to see because situations like my patient she was willing to go to heaven but a family was not ready yet to phase that phase. As a nurse, in the future, I most likely be caring for a few patients like this, and it is good to see different situations. Some patients may have family that agrees with the patient, some may have family that doesnt recognize when the patient wants to be on life support, and some may be like the case I had. My practice will prepare me to understand with the patients family during the end of life care. It is testing to deal with the loss of a loved one, but acceptance makes it a bit smoother to move on.

The Influence Of Internet Addiction - 1053 Words

Research Paper Name: Joy ID: 228661 Course name: pre DY Instructor: Ranjani Ramesh Date: Oct.05 2017 The Influence of Internet Addiction Have you been though things such as you open up your laptop to do your work or study but ended up playing video games and surfing on internet? It is believed that a great amount of people feel like this. Nowadays, we live in a world with highly developed internet and electronic devices. Highly advanced internet make our life better, which is non-debatable, but there†¦show more content†¦Individuals start to enjoy the feelings brought up by the internet and fall into it deeply. When they realize where they are and want to get their life back to the real life, usually they will find hard times doing so. Moreover, researches show the majority of people who consume internet addiction the young generation, especially college students. The reason is young generations use internet more often than the older generations do, especially for college students, their life are filled up with social media s like Instagram, snapchat, Facebook, etc. They ca nnot be communicated or in other words, accepted by their peers if they do not use internet quite often. In doing so, internet addiction definitely makes a difference in terms of social media use. Addictive use of the Internet may be vary and it has impacts on several aspects such as online affairs, student internet abuse, and employee internet abuse. Online chat rooms and other social medias might impact individuals in ways such as marriages, health conditions, and personalities. New areas of research identify users who became hooked on online chat rooms, instant messaging, interactive games, and even eBay only to see their lives become increasingly unmanageable because of the Internet (e.g., Morahan-Martin, 1997; Scherer, 1997; Young, 1996). Moreover, information on the Internet is too disorganized and unrelated to school curriculum to help students and can even serve as aShow MoreRelatedInternet Addiction Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesof violent video game affect adolescences ha ve bad habits, the main reason is they get addicted to the internet. Huge negative effects appear if teenagers get addicted to the internet, including can not live without a cell phone, internet addiction disorder and there are negative effects of the internet violent game. Due to the internet is convenient and cell phones can connect with the internet, teenagers can not live without their cellphone and it has lots of problems. First of all,young peopleRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Internet Addiction1134 Words   |  5 Pages The internet can change the life. Peoples lives are becoming more and more efficient, especially after the development of the Internet. 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They spend more time playing online games and watching TV shows on the internet, which means they stop going outside with their friends and even if stop going to schools. Internet should benefit people. But a number of people are controlled by internet. In other words, internet addiction will influence people in some negativeRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Social Networking Intro Over half of the world uses the internet. 2.2 billion people actively use any kind of social networking. There were 176 million new users of social media just last year (Regan 1). With the influence of so many people a pressing question: Is the impact of social media harmful or beneficial in its effects? Social networking is one of the biggest reports of online traffic. So, if so many people are using these networking sites, what are the effects on us? The â€Å"first†Read MoreInternet Negative Effects891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Internet is a technology that has negative impacts on our daily lives. It has changed aspects of our life for the last 50 years, and it has demonstrated the considerable influence on people’s lives. Almost 3.2 billion people in the world use the internet. The Internet has gained acceptance across the globe, and it has also become central to the critical changes experienced in today’s society. Some of the changes are social isolation, health disorder, a lack of privacy and internet addiction. Read MoreNegative Effects Of Internet Addiction935 Words   |  4 Pageswork or study but ended up playing video games and surfing the internet? It is believed that a lot of people feel like this. Nowadays, we live in a world with highly developed internet and electronic devices. 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It disconnects people fromRead MoreThe Impact of Social Technology on the Development of Social Competence1274 Words   |  5 Pages Great success has been achieved in technology in the past 50 years which has changed the way people live as a society. Internet is a modern technological form of communication that not only is capable of communicating with one another but offers varieties of its uses such as sharing information , playing games , information storage , GPS tracking, etc. A society is where different people live together with a social behavior as interacting , helping , talking , sharing and caring for one

Critical Essay on Procurement Strategy

Question: Write a critical analysis of strategic procurement of infrastructure development project. Answer: Introduction Strategic construction procurement should be constructed upon the intention and the objective of procurement process (Young and Grant, 2015). This study would analyze the construction procurement process and its implementations on the new school projects generated by the DET under Australian government. In this essay the critical evaluation of the strategic construction procurement has been discussed in the light of the given case study. This scenario in accordance to the case study can be cited in this manner that the new school project conducted by the NSW department of education and training which is the largest provider of education services within Australian region. The public private partnership has been considered so lately as the effective tool in terms of exercising the multidimensional impacts on the construction procurement. It has been largely observed that the public sector project that remains under the strict observation of government is getting more dependent on the p rivate sectors in recent years (Akintoye et al. 2003). Therefore, this study has also enhanced the importance and effectiveness of public private partnerships in the construction procurement. NSW department of education and training has provided a number of primary schools and special school to the society within the record time period. The primary education services are being provided by the DET in order to make the generation more successful and adaptable to new systems in the future. Hence, this study has also evaluated the procurement strategies along with the advantages and disadvantages of BOT and its achievements in this regard. Effectiveness of Public and private partnership The public private partnerships (P3) have been found to be growing as one of the most popular strategies in course of infrastructure development across the world (McQuaid and Scherrer, 2010). As far as the international infrastructure development is concerned, it can be mentioned that there are several types of public private partnerships that are put into practice in terms of achieving utmost significance in the concerned projects. Public Private Partnership can be regarded as some sort of a contractual agreement between the likes of a public agency and a specified private sector entity to serve the purpose concerning the delivery of public infrastructure services and others in lieu of long term relationship. Introduction of Public Private Partnership can well be considered as a more unique as well as innovative approach for the cause of improved effectiveness in association with increased value for money (Akintoye et al. 2003). Alongside this factor, the P3 is an approach of unique ness for the purpose of improved service access, for the cause of timely delivery, for serving the purpose of reliability, transparency alongside appropriate accountability of public money. The effectiveness of the P3 arrangement lies in its allowing in designing the actual optimum combinations regarding both the public and private financing. The projects involving the public private partnerships offer limited cost overruns and at the same time, help in lowering operational costs in comparison to the other contracts (Zhang, 2005). The identification of barriers to the respective infrastructure of Public Private Partnership i.e. social, political and social risks; inefficient procurement framework; unfavorable commercial and economic conditions etc has in turn aided in ensuring the effectiveness of the partnership in the given project. Creation of added value is the main reason along with gaining significant competitive advantage amongst the different spheres of the world why this P3 has become so popular in terms of working on the integration and cross-transferring of the respective public and private sector knowledge, skills and expertise (Abdel Aziz, 2007). Furthermor e, the fact that public private partnerships are not standardized makes it far more approachable in terms of meeting the concerned governmental policy objectives in addition to the cause of complementing the other methods of public procurement and public service delivery in accordance with their availability of resources (Ke et al. 2009). Background information of the project As per the given case study, it is being known that the NSW Department of Education and Training (DET) is considered as the largest possible provider as far as the educational services in Australia is concerned (Jefferies and McGeorge, 2009). DET is found to be operating in more than 2400 sites, in connection with enrolling approximate 1.2 million students and having an asset base valued in excess of $15 billion. DET has managed to get two key public private sector partnership contracts in terms of letting those in providing the NSW government run schools in the new found urban release areas. While the New Schools Project is being regarded as the first ever social infrastructure Public Private Partnership contract of the NSW Government, this particular approach is known as the New Schools Privately Financed Project. It can be mentioned further, that these stipulated tasks were to be conducted by the likes of Axiom Education Pty Limited, in support of ABN AMRO Bank, Hansen Yuncken, St Hilliers and Spotless. The new type of procurement approach has actually come up as an appropriate replacement of the conventional method that takes into account individual school construction contracts coupled with several short term services and supply contracts. It can be mentioned in this regard that, under this new procurement style, the person in charge of construction must engage in designing, constructing as well as commissioning specific school facilities i.e. buildings of school, school playgrounds, furniture, fixtures, fittings, equipments, necessary electrical goods etc at its own respective cost by preset dates. It is the duty and responsibility of the contractor to provide operational, maintenance, security, safety, utility, cleaning and last but not the least repair services for each and every aspect of the school facility. Furthermore, after the contract is over, the contractor should hand over the respective school facilities to the State or to a newly nominated contractor, whichever is applicable and necessary. Procurement strategies Procurement strategies can be described in terms of preventing the different level of risks in this context. Strategies of procurement has been engaged from decades as the services related to the building process that has been adapted in order to deliver better services to satisfy the public needs. When a new project regarding the school building has been selected for renovation it includes different types of procurement strategies encompassing the solution along with the aims and objectives of effective solutions instead of engaging the real estate aspects like renting, leashing or purchasing the preset object in this regard (Chen, 2012). At the time of adapting any new project regarding the renovation of building the client should be made aware of the fact that along with the adoption of procurement strategy there comes some of the complex array that may generate constraints in the process of implementing procurement strategies as these complexities may be handled in the course of the entire procurement process. In this regard it has been detected that there are some important aspects that needs a sheer attention that is procurement process must involve few essential elements like; There should be an appropriate arrangement for the entire procurement process in order to implement such strategy effectively. It should be clearly stated in the contract format of the procurement package that what systems and methods will be taken into account for the procurement process. It should also be mentioned that how the procurement agency will manage the entire process that will suit the delivery system along with other services. There are many factors that are influencing the procurement strategies in recent times and which have remained under the cover of a veil for a long time. The agencies that are going to undertake a series of projects in the near future will opt for the option of partnership irrespective of the procurement rules that does not follow the line. The working activities of both the contractor and they consultant can be detected through the pre determined indicator in the procurement process and also helps in comparing the action outcomes of the both parties. In this regard the external factors like economic, political, social, environmental factors also influences the client and their business activities involved in the procurement process (Ekung et al. 2013). In order to define the procurement system it can be said that it is an organizational system that allows individuals to access the responsibilities and authorities in the organization along with this provides a explanation of the various aspects affecting the building projects in this regard. In the traditional procurement system the activity of the entire procurement system has been conducted in such a way in which the employer considers the fact the design will automatically adapt its assigned work, the contractor will be responsible to carry out the entire process and the consultant has been appointed for design and cost control of the entire project. Hence the procurement process can be considered as the series of risk and the prevention methods that are being adopted by the organizations would form in the strategies in the concerned field (Improving Construction Procurement Systems using Organizational Strategies, 2014) Procurement strategies at international level Procurement strategies have been adopted by many countries in order to avoid the unsatisfactory faces of the clients and also to avoid the embracing situation regarding the failure to attend the public needs. The new schools projects has introduces a new level of procurement strategies in the course of their action as it has made profit more than $ 15 billion and also provided services in the education sector within a record breaking time frame. Many types of procurement strategies have been developed so far in order to develop the international infrastructure system. The NSW department of education and training has introduces a new system of procurement strategies that can be assessed in terms of risk management in the course of building projects. The new school project has strictly depicted that the accountable organizations would be able to adapt effective procurement policies and also would be able to attain the public investment needs. It has been observed in the recent times th at procurement is an internationally recognised profession in the building project sectors (Ishii et al. 2014). It is also evident that procurement strategies on an international level have the ability to influence the overall performance outcome of and organization. Therefore, in this regard it can be suggested that the government of the mentioned country or the other countries should be aware of the different crucial aspects related to procurement system as this can take the critical shape for both the private and the public sectors.teh procurement system can also be handled with the effective public and private sector partnership strategies (Liu and Wilkinson, 2016). There are various cultural differences in the building project sector that are able to influence the development procedure though building partnerships. The reforms that have been adopted in the sectors of procurement have exercised a large impact on the legal framework along with the institutional aspects of a country. The procurement strategies has shown its charisma in relation to international business as it has been adapted by the organization internationally when the organizations fails to coordinate and collaborate between the public and the private sector partnership. The international procurement strategies have delivers an ample amount of advantages along with disadvantages, like Contractors are getting the opportunity to collaborate and coordinate with one particular and single company which decreases the scope of increases procurement. The contractors are able to assume the risk and possibilities regarding the building projects and procurement of the continuing project. And finally the roles, responsibilities and the charges are clear to the all parties and the risk of procurement would also be detected in the due course (Plantinga and Dore, 2016). Adaptation of appropriate procurement strategy for the NSW project The BOT strategies can be described as the binary options trading strategy that has been considered as the most effective and useful tool in the public and private partnership. The BOT strategies are a set of ideas that would be leading the organizations in the right path of deliberation (binary options trading strategies, 2010).. The rules regarding the binary option trading should be based on the market values. The best way to develop a right model of BOT strategy is to gather as much as possible comprehension about the current situation of the market. BOT strategy is very much influential and effective in deriving the right outcomes for the project. The project can be shapes with sheer effectiveness if the BOT strategy can be implemented in the right directions and right tools in this regard. The Binary option trading also provides the scope of financial security as the users can predict the financial situation of the market. In other words it helps in constructing the financial s tructure of the intended project. The new school project has taken into account the binary option trading as an integral part of the procurement system in relation to the building project and the effective implementation of the public private partnership aided by the BOT strategies (Zhang, 2005). Advantages and disadvantages of BOT It can be put forth that the BOT procurement method is a particular type of private public partnership mode, in accordance with which, the financing of work is being carried out (Zhang and Kumaraswamy, 2001). There are certain advantages and disadvantages of this specified procurement strategy that must be taken into account in terms of exploring the strategic approach. Advantages: BOT helps in saving time on grounds of the service providers respective expertise in course of assembling the concerned infrastructure and the obtainment of local regulatory consents and in saving efforts for the service provider is capable of performing at considerably lower price. Transfer of technology along with the respective training of the local personnel and the national capital market development can be counted as one of the key factors of this mechanism. BOT is efficient in saving money alongside market share for the new infrastructural benefits are enjoyed sooner and with accelerated effectiveness (Kumaraswamy and Zhang, 2001). BOT formula which is a complex mechanism can be applied to any sector of economy with special preference for transportation, power plant sector and telecommunications. Disadvantages: Transactional costs are usually high for they take up around 5-10% of the total project cost. It is found that there are additional costs which are incurred for paying a certain amount of profit to the service provider in consequence of the value of its know-how and stipulated time in organizing the infrastructure of service delivery. It is rare that BOT is applicable to early stage startups in lieu of short term urgency. Not suitable for small scale projects BOT projects are successful depending on the factor of financial support and projects can only gain success when substantial revenues are found to be generated during the operational activity phase. Achievement of BOT (Build Operate Transfer) strategy in the NSW project BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) is regarded as one of the most successful as well as helpful strategies for the public private partnership of the infrastructure project which can be mentioned as an essential form of leading where the project sponsor i.e. the government allows for designing, financing and building an infrastructure facility by the project promoter i.e. private entrepreneur (Shrestha, 2011). It can invariably be put forth that BOT is inherently an output oriented procurement strategy that plays a pivotal role in designing appropriate structure of the concerned partnership project. Governments tend to adopt BOT project procurement strategy because the active involvement of both the private sector and the commercially experienced lenders helps in ensuring a detailed and in-depth evaluation as an added sign of the concerned project feasibility. Public sector is entrusted with the responsibility of bearing the project risk generally, but use of BOT strategy which is a specifi ed service model makes it an integral aspect of private sector instead. The effectiveness of P3 with regard to the specified characteristics of building and management of schools in close association with the BOT strategy in achieving the requisite goal of the New Schools Privately Financed Project can also be counted in this respect (Liu and Wilkinson, 2014). It can be summed up in this regard that BOT strategy is the effective most procurement mechanism that comes as a great deal of help in the infrastructure development project of construction, as in the case of the New Schools Privately Financed Project. Conclusion In the final segment, it can be concluded that this particular essay has critically analyzed the various dimensions of the procurement strategy with special reference to the BOT strategy. The given case study of New Schools Privately Financed Project has been discussed in light of the specified procurement strategy in close association with the public private partnership. The P3 is the basis of the new version of infrastructure project and that has been effectively co-ordinated with BOT strategy in order to achieve success in the concerned genre of construction. How far the procurement strategy in concern has managed to pave the way for the public private partnership in the field of infrastructure development has also been explored in the essay in this connection of given case study. The nooks and corners of the BOT procurement mechanism have been delved deep upon in this context from highly analytical perspective, which has actually led to the establishment of the fact that procurem ent strategy is essential in the genre of infrastructure development with necessary advancements in the contemporary situation. References Abdel Aziz, A. (2007). Successful Delivery of Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Development. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 133(12), pp.918-931. Akintoye, A., Hardcastle, C., Beck, M., Chinyio, E. and Asenova, D. (2003). Achieving best value in private finance initiative project procurement. Construction Management and Economics, 21(5), pp.461-470. Binary Options Trading Strategies. (2010).Joining traders from New York Tokyo Singapore Toronto Paris London. Chen, K. (2012). Procurement strategies and coordination mechanism of the supply chain with one manufacturer and multiple suppliers.International Journal of Production Economics, 138(1), pp.125-135. Ekung, S., Siriwardena, M. and Adeniran, L. (2013). Optimised Selection and use of Project Procurement Strategy in Nigeria: A Case from Practise.Ethiop. J. Env Stud Manag, 6(6). Improving Construction Procurement Systems using Organizational Strategies. (2014).Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 11(01). Ishii, N., Takano, Y. and Muraki, M. (2014). An order acceptance strategy under limited engineering man-hours for cost estimation in EngineeringProcurementConstruction projects.International Journal of Project Management, 32(3), pp.519-528. Jefferies, M. and McGeorge, W. (2009). Using public private partnerships (PPPs) to procure social infrastructure in Australia. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 16(5), pp.415-437. Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A. and Cheung, E. (2009). Research Trend of Public-Private Partnership in Construction Journals. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 135(10), pp.1076-1086. Kumaraswamy, M. and Zhang, X. (2001). Governmental role in BOT-led infrastructure development. International Journal of Project Management, 19(4), pp.195-205. Liu, T. and Wilkinson, S. (2014). Using public-private partnerships for the building and management of school assets and services. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 21(2), pp.206-223. Liu, T. and Wilkinson, S. (2016). Using public-private partnerships for the building and management of school assets and services. McQuaid, R. and Scherrer, W. (2010). Changing reasons for publicprivate partnerships (PPPs). Public Money Management, 30(1), pp.27-34. Plantinga, H. and Dore, A. (2016). Procurement strategy formation: (re-)designing rail infrastructure project alliances.Int J Managing Projects in Bus, 9(1), pp.53-73. Shrestha, S. (2011). Prospects of BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) Projects for Infrastructure Development in Nepal. Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 8(1-2). Young, R. and Grant, J. (2015). Is strategy implemented by projects? Disturbing evidence in the State of NSW.International Journal of Project Management, 33(1), pp.15-28. Zhang, X. (2005). Paving the Way for PublicPrivate Partnerships in Infrastructure Development. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131(1), pp.71-80. Zhang, X. and Kumaraswamy, M. (2001). BOT-Based Approaches to Infrastructure Development in China. J. Infrastruct. Syst., 7(1), pp.18-25.

Brazils Current Film Industry Essay Example For Students

Brazils Current Film Industry Essay In this paper I will discuss Brazil and its current film industry. I will elucidate its role in the Brazilian economy, and also what part the government deals in the industry itself. Certain Brazilian films will be given as representations towards my theories. Within a year of the Lumiere brothers first experiment in Paris in 1896, the cinematograph machine appeared in Rio de Janeiro. Ten years later, the capital boasted 22 cinema houses and the first Brazilian feature film, The Stranglers by Antonio Leal, had been screened. From then on Brazils film industry made continuous progress and, although it has never been large, its output over the years has attracted international attention. In 1930, still the era of the silent movie in Brazil, Mario Peixotos film, Limite was made. Limite is a surrealistic work dealing with the conflicts raised by the human condition and how life conspires to prevent total fulfillment. It was considered a landmark film in the Brazilian cinema history. In 1933 Cinedia produced The Voice of Carnival, the first film with Carmen Miranda. This film ushered in the chanchada which dominated Brazilian cinema for many years. Chanchadas were the slapstick comedies, generally filled with musical numbers and thoroughly cherished by the public. By the end of the 1940s Brazilian film making was becoming an industry. The Vera Cruz Film Company was created in Sao Paulo with the goal of producing films of international quality. It hired technicians from abroad and brought back from Europe, Alberto Cavalcanti, a Brazilian filmmaker with an international reputation to head the company. Vera Cruz produced some important films before it closed in 1954, among them the epic O Cangaceiro which won the Best Adventure Film award at Cannes Film Festival in 1953. In the 1950s, Brazilian cinema radically changed the way it made films. In his 1995 film, Rio 40 Graus, director Nelson Pereira dos Santos employed the filmmaking techniques of Italian non realism by using ordinary people as his actors and by going to the streets to shoot his low budget film. He would become one of the most important Brazilian filmmakers of all time, and it is he who set the stage for the Brazilian cinema novo an idea in mind and a camera in the hands movement. By 1962 cinema novo had established a new concept in Brazilian filmmaking. The cinema novo films dealt with themes related to acute national problems, from conflicts in rural areas to human problems in the large cities, as well as film versions of important Brazilian novels. At the end of the 1960s, the Tropicalist movement had taken hold of the art scenes in Brazil which meant that cinema came under its spell. It emphasized the need to transform all foreign influences into a national product. The most representative film of this movement was Macunaima, by Joaquim Pedro de Andrade. It was a metaphorical analysis of the Brazilian character as shown in the story of a native Indian who leaves the Amazon jungle and goes to the big city. Working at the same time as the Tropicalists were the cinema marginal movement. This was another group of directors that emerged in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro who also made low cost films. This group produced films with themes that referred to a marginal society. Their films were considered difficult. In 1969 the government film agency, Embrafilme, was created. They were responsible for the co production, financing, and distribution of a large percentage of films in the 1970s and 1980s. Embrafilme added a commercial dimension to the film industry and made it possible for it to move on to more ambitious projects. In the 1980s movies were not well attended. This was due in part to the popularity of the television. Many theatres closed their doors, especially in the interior if the country. Dementia in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty EssayThe actual flourishing of the film industry is so intense that one can even measure by the fact that in the beginning of the decade the number of spectators for the Brazilian films were insignificant, summoning up to about 20,000 per year. But gradually, as the films increased so did the spectators. In 1997 one can see how the numbers have jumped to 2 million. Another auspicious fact is the regional diversification of productions, allowing the elimination of the battles between Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Although the market is still dominated by foreign films, Brazil has begun to export their films. In 1997 Brazil imported 680 millions of dollars against the 38 millions that were being exported. The Federal Constitution clearly established in the 2 articles 215, and 216 states that the competency of the state guarantees the cultural rights. Also access to the cultural source, value and incentivation of the cultural productions and preservations of the national heritage. Especially the ones from the various ethnic groups and trends that encompass the Brazilian society. So the 3 fundamental dimensions of the cultural phenomenon creation, diffusion, and preservation are contemplated in the constitutional text. This places them under the public responsibilities in collaboration with its society. The countrys cultural area is changing to a more stable structure of organization and financial support. The federal legislation that incentives the culture has 2 powerful laws. Law 8. 313/91, which is the federal law to stimulate the culture, and law 8685/93 which is the audiovisual law. With these two laws the federal government incentives and supports the firms to contribute with a percentage of the taxes to be used in the support of the arts. As a result of these laws we have the Revival of the Brazilian Movie, with an increased income of 80 million reais Brazillian currency in 1997. These figures are four times bigger than the 1995 figures. An illustration of this is the ministry of culture that gave 40 awards for film shorts, 15 for scripts, and 15 for the development of the audio-visual projects. In 1998, the ministry of culture will center its efforts to increase the market for Brazilian productions of audio visual context. By doing so, one hopes that this can increase the structure and the implementation of the audio visual industry in Brazil. In conclusion, I believe that the Brazilian film industry was lacking when it first started. Gradually the industry has begun to grow and produce films that are even entertaining foreign audiences, such as O Quatrilho in Europe and the US. Hopefully as the years pass I believe that even though Brazil is a third world country, it is rich enough in culture to bring forth a different quality of films that will reassure the foreign audience and market to give them a chance.